The San
Remo
ARMISTICE WITH TURKEY
*
Signed 30 October
1918
occupation of Dardanelles , and
Bosphorus forts.
II.—Positions of all minefields, torpedo-tubes, and other
obstructions in Turkish waters to
be indicated, and assistance given to sweep or remove them
as may be required.
III.—All available information as to mines in the Black
Sea to be communicated.
IV.—All Allied prisoners of war and Armenian interned
persons and prisoners to be collected
in Constantinople and handed over
unconditionally to the Allies.
V.—Immediate demobilization of the Turkish army, except for
such troops as are required
for the surveillance of the frontiers and for the
maintenance of internal order. (Number of
effectives and their disposition to be determined later by
the Allies after consultation with
the Turkish Government.)
VI.—Surrender of all war vessels in Turkish waters or in
waters occupied by Turkey ;
these
ships to be interned at such Turkish port or ports as may be
directed, except such small
vessels as are required for police or similar purposes in
Turkish territorial waters.
VII.—The Allies to have the right to occupy any strategic
points in the event of any situation
arising which threatens the security of the Allies.
VIII.—Free use by the Allied ships of all ports and
anchorages now in Turkish occupation
and denial of their use to the enemy. Similar conditions to
apply to Turkish mercantile shipping
in Turkish waters for purposes of trade and the
demobilization of the army.
IX.—Use of all ship-repair facilities at all Turkish ports
and arsenals.
X.—Allied occupation of the Taurus tunnel system.
XI.—Immediate withdrawal of the Turkish troops from Northwest
Persia to behind the
pre-war frontier has already been ordered and will be
carried out. Part of Trans-Caucasia
has already been ordered to be evacuated by Turkish troops;
the remainder is to be evacuated
if required by the Allies after they have studied the
situation there.
XII.—Wireless telegraphy and cable stations to be controlled
by the Allies, Turkish Govern-
ment messages excepted.
XIII.—Prohibition to destroy any naval, military, or
commercial material.
XIV.—Facilities to be given for the purchase of coal and oil
fuel, and naval material from
Turkish sources after the requirements of the country have
been met. None of the above
material to be exported.
XV.—Allied Control Officers to be placed on all railways, including
such portions of the
Trans-Caucasian Railways as are now under Turkish control,
which must be placed at the
free and complete disposal of the Allied authorities, due
consideration being given to the
* Temperley, Peace Conference, 1: 495-97.
342 PPENDIXES
needs of the population. This clause to include Allied
occupation of Batoum. Turkey
will
raise no objection to the occupation of Baku
by the Allies.
XVI.—Surrender of all garrisons in Hedjaz ,
Assir , Yemen Syria , and Mesopotamia
to the
nearest Allied Commander; and the withdrawal of troops from Cilicia ,
except those necessary
to maintain order, as will be determined under Clause V.
XVII.—Surrender of all Turkish officers in Tripolitania
and Cyrenaica to the nearest Italian
garrison. Turkey
guarantees to stop supplies and communication with these officers if they
do not obey the order to surrender.
XVIII.—Surrender of all ports occupied in Tripolitania
and Cyrenaica , including Misurata,
to the nearest Allied garrison.
XIX.—All Germans and Austrians, naval, military, and
civilian, to be evacuated within
one month from the Turkish dominions: those in remote
districts to be evacuated as soon
after as may be possible.
XX.—The compliance with such orders as may be conveyed for
the disposal of the equipment,
arms, and ammunition, including transport, of that portion
of the Turkish Army which is
demobilized under Clause V.
XXI.—An Allied representative to be attached to the Turkish
Ministry of Supplies in order
to safeguard Allied interests. This representative is to be
furnished with all information necessary
for this purpose.
XXII.—Turkish prisoners to be kept at the disposal of the
Allied Powers. The release of
Turkish civilian prisoners over military age to be
considered.
XXIII.—Obligation on the part of Turkey
to cease all relations with the Central Powers.
XXIV.—In case of disorder in the six Armenian vilayets, the
Allies reserve to themselves
the right to occupy any part of them.
XXV.—Hostilities between the Allies and Turkey
shall cease from noon , local time, on
Signed in duplicate on board His Britannic Majesty's Ship
Agamemnon, at Port Mudros,
(Signed) ARTHUR CALTHORPE
HUSSEIN RAOUF
RECHAD HIKMET
SAADULLAH
APPENDIX B
THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT *
Letter from Sir Edward Grey to M. Cambon
(Secret.)
FOREIGN OFFICE, May
16, 1916
Your Excellency,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
Excellency's note of the 9th instant,
stating that the French Government accept the limits of a
future Arab State
of States, and of those parts of Syria
where French interests predominate, together with certain
conditions attached thereto, such as they result from recent
discussions in London and Petrograd
on the subject.
I have the honour to inform your Excellency in reply that
the acceptance of the whole
project, as it now stands, will involve the abdication of
considerable British interests, but,
since His Majesty's Government recognise the advantage to
the general cause of the Allies
entailed in producing a more favourable internal political
situation in Turkey ,
they are ready
to accept the arrangement now arrived at, provided that the
co-operation of the Arabs is
secured, and that the Arabs fulfill the conditions and
obtain the towns of Horns, Hama ,
It is accordingly understood between the French and British
Governments—
1. That France
and Great Britain
are prepared to recognise and uphold an independent
map, under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (A)
France , and in
area (B) Great
and in area (B) Great Britain
shall alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at the request
of the Arab State
2. That in the blue area France ,
and in the red area Great Britain ,
shall be allowed to
establish such direct or indirect administration or control
as they desire and as they may
think fit to arrange with the Arab
State
3. That in the brown area there shall be established an
international administration, the
form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia ,
and subsequently in
consultation with the other Allies, and the representatives
of the Shereef of Mecca.
4. That Great Britain
be accorded (1) the ports of Haifa
and Acre , (2) guarantee of a
given supply of water from the Tigris
and Euphrates in area (A) for area (B). His Majesty's
Government, on their part, undertake that they will at no
time enter into negotiations for
the cession of Cyprus
to any third Power without the previous consent of the French Govern-
ment.
* Br. Doc, 4: 245-47.
344 APPENDIXES
5. That Alexandretta shall be a free
port as regards the trade of the British Empire , and
that there shall be no discrimination in port charges or
facilities as regards British shipping
and British goods; that there shall be freedom of transit
for British goods through Alexandretta
and by railway through the blue area, whether those goods
are intended for or originate
in the red area, or (B) area, or area (A); and there shall be
no discrimination, direct or
indirect, against British goods on any railway or against
British goods or ships at any port
serving the areas mentioned.
That Haifa shall
be a free port as regards the trade of France ,
her dominions and protec-
torates, and there shall be no discrimination in port
charges or facilities as regards French
shipping and French goods. There shall be freedom of transit
for French goods through
for or originate in the blue area, area (A), or area (B),
and there shall be no discrimination,
direct or indirect, against French goods on any railway, or
against French goods or ships
at any port serving the areas mentioned.
6. That in area (A) the Bagdad Railway shall not be extended
southwards beyond Mosul ,
and in area (B) northwards beyond Samarra ,
until a railway connecting Bagdad with Aleppo
via the Euphrates Valley
two Governments.
7. That Great Britain
has the right to build, administer, and be sole owner of a railway
connecting Haifa
with area (B), and shall have a perpetual right to transport troops along
such a line at all times.
It is to be understood by both Governments that this railway
is to facilitate the connexion
of Bagdad with Haifa
by rail, and it is further understood that, if the engineering difficulties
and expense entailed by keeping this connecting line in the
brown area only make the project
unfeasible, that the French Government shall be prepared to
consider that the line in question
may also traverse the polygon Banias-Keis Marib-Salkhad Tell
Otsda-Mesmie before reaching
area (B).
8. For a period of twenty years the existing Turkish customs
tariff shall remain in force
throughout the whole of the blue and red areas, as well as
in areas (A) and (B), and no
increase in the rates of duty or conversion from ad valorem
to specific rates shall be made
except by agreement between the two powers.
There shall be no interior customs barriers between any of
the above-mentioned areas.
The customs duties leviable on goods destined for the
interior shall be collected at the port
of entry and handed over to the administration of the area
of designation.
9. It shall be agreed that the French Government will at no
time enter into any negotiations
for the cession of their rights and will not cede such
rights in the blue area to any third
Power, except the Arab
State
of His Majesty's Government, who, on their part, will give a
similar undertaking to the French
Government regarding the red area.
10. The British and French Governments, as the protectors of
the Arab State
that they will not themselves acquire and will not consent
to a third Power acquiring territorial
possessions in the Arabian peninsula ,
nor consent to a third Power installing a naval base
either on the east coast, or on the islands, of the Red
Sea . This, however, shall not prevent
such adjustment of the Aden
frontier as may be necessary in consequence of recent Turkish
aggression.
11. The negotiations with the Arabs as to the boundaries of
the Arab State
of Arab States shall be continued through the same channel
as heretofore on behalf of the
two Powers.
12. It is agreed that measures to control the importation of
arms into the Arab territories
will be considered by the two Governments.
I have further the honour to state that, in order to make
the agreement complete, His
Majesty's Government are proposing to the Russian Government
to exchange notes analogous
to those exchanged by the latter and your Excellency's
Government on the 26th April last.
Copies of these notes will be communicated to our Excellency
as soon as exchanged.
APPENDIXES 345
I would also venture to remind your Excellency that the
conclusion of the present agreement
raises, for practical consideration, the question of the
claims of Italy
to a share in any partition
or rearrangement of Turkey
in Asia , as formulated in article 9 of the agreement of
the 26th
April, 1915, between Italy
and the Allies.
His Majesty's Government further consider that the Japanese
Government should be in-
formed of the arrangements now concluded.
I have, &c.
E. GREY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Documents and Official Sources
officially by the representatives of Armenia
to the Peace Conference at Versailles
on February
26, 1919. New York ,
1919.
L'Armenie et la question Armenienne avant, pendant et depuis
la guerre. Paris , 1922. Contains
documents aimed at showing how committed the Allies were to
a separate Armenia ,
and
that Armenia
was for a time an existing, functioning state.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The Treaties of
Peace, 1919-1923. 2 vols. New
Dickenson, G. Lowes. Documents and Statements Relating to
Peace Proposals and War Aims,
December, 1916-November, 1918. New
York , 1919.
14, 1919. Paris ,
1919. The Egyptian White Book. Egypt
was never allowed to present its
claims before the Peace Conference.
. Delegation to the Peace Conference. Les Revendications
Nationales Egyptiennes. Paris ,
1919.
Eudin, Xenia J.,
and Robert C. North. Soviet Russia
and the East, 1920-1927—A Documentary
Survey. Stanford, 1957.
Liban en 1922. Paris ,
1922.
. Journal Officiel, Debats parlementaires, Chambre des
Deputes, 1918-1925.
. Journal officiel, Debats parlementaires. Senat, April 29, 1920 .
Giannini, Amedeo. / Documenti Diplomatica della Pace
Orientale. Rome , n.d.
. / Documenti per la Storia della Pace Orientale, 1915-1932.
Rome , 1933. Contains
text of Saint Jean de Maurienne and Tittoni-Venizelos
Agreements, as well as the five
minor agreements signed along with the main treaty at Sevres
in August, 1920.
in Europe . London ,
1920.
3 5 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
. Admiralty, Intelligence Division, Geographical Section.
Manual on the Turanians and
Pan-Turanianism. London ,
1920.
Cabinet Papers, 1918-1920. Public Record Office. Cab. 21,
23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29.
A source of inestimable value, basic to this study.
Foreign Office. Confidential Prints, Eastern Affairs,
1919-1920. Public Record Office.
F.O. 406/41-44.
Foreign Office. General Correspondence, 1920. Public Record
Office, F.O. 371.
Foreign Office, Historical Section. Handbooks prepared under
the direction of the
Historical Section of the Foreign Office. London ,
1920. No. 15, "The Eastern Question";
no. 16, "Turkey
in Europe "; no. 17, "Albania ";
no. 57, "Mohammedan History"; no. 58,
"Turkey
in Asia "; no. 59, "Anatolia ";
no. 60, "Syria
and Palestine "; no. 61, "Arabia ";
no. 62, "Armenia
and Kurdistan "; no. 63, "Mesopotamia ";
no. 64, "Islands of the Northern
and Eastern Aegean "; no. 65,
"Cyprus ";
no. 66, "France
and the Levant ": no. 76, "Persian
G u l f ; no. 162, "Zionism."
Foreign Office. Peace Conference of 1919-1920: British
Delegation Correspondence.
Public Record Office. F.O. 608. A mammoth collection, of
prime importance for this study.
Includes all dispatches from the Near East
that were forwarded from the Foreign Office
to the Peace Delegation.
Foreign Office. Peace Conference of 1919-1920. Public Record
Office, F.O. 373,
Handbooks, 1918-1919; F.O. 374, Acts of the Conferences.
. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th series. London ,
1909-.
Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, 5th series. London ,
1909-.
Parliamentary Papers, 1920, "Agreement between France ,
Russia , Great
Britain and
Parliamentary Papers, 1920. "Correspondence relating to
the Adriatic Question."
Command 586. London ,
1920.
. Parliamentary Papers, 1920. "Memorandum of Agreement
(San Remo, April 24, 1920)
between M. Phillippe Berthelot and Prof. Sir John
Cadman." Command 675. London ,
1920.
. Parliamentary Papers, 1920. "Treaty between the
principle Allies and associated powers
and Greece .
Signed at Sevres, August 10, 1920 ."
Command 960. London , 1920.
Parliamentary Papers, 1920. "Treaty of Peace with Turkey ,
Signed at Sevres, August
10, 1920." Command 964. London ,
1920.
. Parliamentary Papers, 1920. "Tripartite agreement
between the British Empire , France
and Italy
respecting Anatolia . Signed at Sevres, August 10, 1920 ." Command 963. London ,
1920.
. Parliamentary Papers, 1921. "Correspondence between
H. M. Government and the
United States Respecting^Economic_Righ_ts in the Mandated
Territories." Command 1226.
Parliamentary Papers, 1921. "Draft Mandates for Mesopotamia
and Palestine as
Submitted for the Approval of the League of
Nations ." Command 1176. London ,
1921.
Parliamentary Papers, 1921. "Franco-British Convention,
December 23, 1920 , on
Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria
and the Lebanon ,
Palestine and
Parliamentary Papers, 1921. "Treaty between the Allied
Powers and Greece
relative
to Thrace .
Signed at Sevres, August 10, 1920 ."
Command 1390. London , 1921.
Parliamentary Papers, 1939. "Correspondence between Sir
Henry McMahon, His
Majesty's High Commissioner at Cairo ,
and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca ,
July, 1915-March,
1916." Command 5957. London ,
1939.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 5 1
Parliamentary Papers, 1939. "Report of a Committee set
up to consider certain
correspondence which took place in the years 1915 and 1916
between Sir Henry McMahon
(His Majesty's High Commissioner in Egypt )
and the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 and
1916."
Command 5974. London ,
1939.
. Parliamentary Papers, 1939. "Statements Made on
Behalf of His Majesty's Government
During the Year 1918 in Regard to the Future Status of
Certain Parts of the Ottoman
Empire." Command, 5964. London ,
1939. Contains Hogarth Declaration, Declaration to
the Seven, and the Allenby Pledge.
The Greek White Book. American Hellenic Society, no. 5 and
9. New York , 1919.
Hurewitz, Jacob C. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A
Documentary Record,
1535-1956. 2 vols. New York/l956.
. Superintendent of Government Printing. India
in 1920. Calcutta , 1921.
Superintendent of Government Printing. India
in 1921-22. Calcutta , 1922.
Unfortunately only one volume in this series of this highly
valuable collection has as yet
been published. It covers December, 1918-January, 1919.
Kemal, Mustapha Pasha. A Speech Delivered by Ghazi Mustapha
Kemal, President of the
and constitutes Kemal's account of the Turkish revolution.
^ Die Dokumente zur Rede vom 15 bis 20 Oktober, 1927. Leipzig ,
n.d. Contains the
text of the documents referred to by Kemal in his marathon
speech. Documents are in
French.
"The King-Crane Report on the Near East ."
Editor and Publisher 55 (December 2, 1922): 1-27.
Lloyd George, David. British War A ims; Statement by the
Right Honorable David Lloyd George,
n.d.
Respecting Terms of
Peace by President Wilson and the Secretary of State. Paris ,
1919.
Conference des preliminaires de paix. Composition et
fonctionnement, V avril, 1919.
er
Fonctionnement de la conference, l octobre, 1919. Paris ,
1919.
minutes of various committees. Not useful for the topic
under consideration.
La Paix de Versailles. 12 vols. Paris ,
1930. Collection of documents, including the
"The Secret Treaty Dividing Turkey ."
Nation 3 (December, 1920): 697-99. Text of the Tripartite
Pact signed at Sevres, with a good map.
Tittoni, T., and V. Scialoja. "L'ltalia alia Conferenza
della Pace, Discorsi et Documenti. Rome ,
1921. Speeches of the two before the Chamber of Deputies and
the Senate.
Ottomane a la Conference de la Paix. n.p., n.d. A statement
bitterly attacking most of
the provisions of the proposed treaty.
Turquie. Ministere des affaires etrangeres, Le livre rouge.
La question de Mossoul de la signature
du traite d'armistice de Moudros (30 Octobre, 1918 au 1
Mars, 1925). Constantinople , 1925.
Contains British-Turk correspondence concerning the initial
British occupation of Mosul
and subsequent British dealings with the Kurds.
352 BIBLIOGRAPHY
"The United States
and the Armenian Mandate: Message of President Wilson to the Congress,
1910-1929. National Archives, Washington ,
D.C.
. Department of State. Papers of the American Commission to
Negotiate Peace. National
Archives, Washington , D.C. Near East
negotiations, this collection proved far less rewarding than
its British counterpart.
Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign
Relations of the United State,
1919. 2 vols. Washington .
1934.
Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign
Relations of the United States ,
1920. 3 vols. Washington ,
1935-1936.
Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign
Relations of the United States ,
The Lansing
Papers, 1914-1920. 2 vols. Washington ,
1939-40.
Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign
Relations of the United States ,
The Paris Peace
Conference, 1919. 13 vols. Washington ,
1942-47. A documentary record
of great value, including the official minutes of the
Council of Ten and the Council of
Four.
Venizelos, Eleutherios. Greece
Before the Peace Congress of 1919: A Memorandum Dealing
with the Rights of Greece ,
Submitted by Eleutherios Venizelos. American Hellenic Society,
no. 7. New York ,
1919.
Woodward, E. L., and R. Butler, eds. Documents on British
Foreign Policy, 1919-1939, Series
1. London ,
1947-. An indispensable documentary collection, containing much diplomatic
correspondence relative to the Near East ,
as well as the minutes of the December, 1919,
Anglo-French discussions and the London ,
San Remo , and Boulogne
conferences.
Personal Papers, Memoirs and Diaries
Abdullah, King. Memoirs of King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan. London ,
1950.
Adivar, Halide Edib. The Turkish Ordeal. New
York , 1928.
Aharonian, Avetis. "From Sardarapat to Sevres and Lausanne ;
a political diary." Armenian
Review 15 (Fall, 1962)-17 (Spring, 1964). The installments
in these issues deal with the
period examined in this study.
"Republic of Armenia
1919): 526-27.
Ahmed Djemal Pasha. Memoirs of a Turkish Statesman,
1913-1919. New York , 1922.
Armstrong, Harold C. Turkey in Travail. London ,
1926. Memoirs.
Baker, Ray S., and William E. Dodd. The Public Papers of
Woodrow Wilson. 3 vols. New
Balfour, Arthur J. Papers. On deposit in the British
Museum London ,
England
. Private Papers. On deposit in the Foreign Office archives
in the Public Record Office.
F.O. 800/26.
Barrere, Camille. "La Conference de San
Remo ." Revue des deux Mondes 108 (August
193 8): 510-15.
Beadon, Roger H. Some Memories of the Peace Conference. London ,
1933.
Beer, George L. Diary at the Paris
Peace Conference, December, 1918-August, 1919. On
deposit in Butler Library. Columbia
University New
York , New York
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 5 3
Bell, Gertrude L. The Letters of Gertrude Bell. Edited by
Lady Bell. 2 vols. London , 1927.
Berenger, Henry, Le Petrole et la France .
Paris , 1920. Unfortunately, deals
almost exclusively
with domestic matters. Admits that the "most
instructive" chapter would be one on French
diplomacy regarding petroleum since the armistice, but
claims publication at that time would
be premature.
Bertie, Lord Francis. The Diary of Lord Bertie. London ,
1924.
Bliss, General Tasker. Papers. On deposit in the Library of
Congress. Washington , D.C.
Bonar Law, A. Papers. On deposit in the Beaverbrook Library.
London , England
Bonsai, Stephen. Suitors and Suppliants: The Little Nations
at Versailles . New
York , 1946.
, Unfinished Business. Garden City, New
York , 1944.
Bowman, Humphrey E. Middle East Window. New
York , 1942.
Buckler, William L. Papers. On deposit in Sterling Memorial
Library, Yale University
Haven, Connecticut .
Burgoyne, Elizabeth ,
ed. Gertrude Bell: From her Personal Papers, 1914-1926. London ,
1961.
Callwell, C. E. Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and
Diaries, 2 vols. New York ,
1927. A valuable contemporary source.
Cambon, Paul, Correspondance, 1870-1924. Edited by Henri
Cambon. 3 vols. Paris , 1946.
Extremely valuable collection of letters written by the
French ambassador in London .
Catroux, Georges. Deux Missions en Moyen-Orient (1919-1922).
Paris , 1958.
Cecil, Viscount Robert. A Great Experiment. New
York , 1941. Cecil's autobiography, unfortu-
nately of little use.
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount E. A. Robert. Papers. On deposit
in the British Museum London ,
Charles-Roux, Franqois. Souvenirs diplomatique; une grande
ambassade a Rome , 1919-1925.
Churchill, Winston S. The World Crisis: The Aftermath,
1918-1928. New York , 1929.
Interesting
comments by one of the leaders of British opposition to both
Greek claims and the Turkish
treaty.
Clemenceau, Georges. Discours de paix, publies par la
Societe des amis de Clemenceau. Paris ,
1938.
. Grandeur and Misery of Victory, New
York , 1930.
Crespi, Silvio, Alia Defesa d'ltalia in Guerra e a Versailles ,
Diario, 1917-1919. Milan , 1937.
Crowe, Sir Eyre. Private Papers. On deposit in the Foreign
Archives in the Public Record
Office. F.O. 800/243. Of little value for the purposes of
this work.
Curzon of Kedleston, Lord George Nathaniel. Correspondence
and Papers. On deposit in
the Commonwealth Relations Office ,
India
Cabinet Papers, 1919. Curzon's personal papers for the peace
conference period were not
available to the public in 1967.
. Private Papers. On deposit in the Foreign Office Archives
of the Public Record Office.
F.O. 800/151. Of minimal value for the purposes of this
study.
D'Abernon, Edgar V. The Diary of an Ambassador, Viscount
D'Abernon. 3 vols. New York ,
1929-30.
Day, Clive. Papers. On deposit in Sterling Memorial Library,
Yale University New Haven ,
Edib, Halide. See Adivar, Halidd Edib.
354
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Garnett, David. The Letters of T. E. Lawrence. New
York , 1939.
Gates, Caleb F. Not to me Only. Princeton ,
N.J.
Georges-Gaulis, Berthe. La Nouvelle Turquie. Paris ,
1924.
Giolitti, Giovanni. Memoirs of My Life. London ,
1923.
Grew, Joseph C. Papers. On deposit in Houghton Library, Harvard
University Cambridge ,
. Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years. 2 vols.
New York , 1952.
Hancock, W. K., and Jean Van Der Poel, eds. Selections from
the Smuts Papers. 4 vols.
Hankey, Lord Maurice P. The Supreme Control at the Paris
Peace Conference 1919: A Commen-
tary. London ,
1963. Unfortunately tends heavily toward being just a synopsis of the official
minutes of the Conference.
Harbord, James G. Leaves from a War Diary. New
York , 1925. Ends with the armistice.
Hardinge of Penhurst, Lord Charles H. Old Diplomacy: The
Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge
of Pen hurst
Covering the Years 1880-1924. London ,
1947.
Hohler, Sir Thomas B. Diplomatic Petrel. London ,
1942. Ends with Armistice Day, 1918,
and his appointment to Constantinople .
The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. New York ,
1958. Primarily a memoir of Hoover 's
own connection with Wilson
during and after the Peace Conference.
House, Edward M. Papers. On deposit in Sterling Memorial
Library. Yale University
Haven, Connecticut .
A well-indexed, large collection of material, including much on the
first six months of the Peace Conference. In addition to
official documents the collection
includes House's diary and personal correspondence.
Jones, Thomas, Whitehall
Diary. Edited by Keith Middlemas. New York ,
1969-. Vol. 1,
1916-1925.
Lansing, Robert. Diary on deposit in Library of Congress. Washington ,
D.C.
in terms of this study.
. The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative. Boston ,
1921.
Lawrence, Thomas E. The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and
His Brothers. Oxford , 1954.
. Revolt in the Desert. London ,
1927.
. Seven Pillars of Wisdom. London ,
1935.
T. E. Lawrence to his Biographer, Liddell-Hart. New
York , 1938.
. T. E. Lawrence to his Biographer, Robert Graves. New
York , 1938.
Lloyd George, David. Papers. On deposit in the Beaverbrook
Library. London , England
A large, magnificently indexed collection including both
official documents and personal
correspondence.
. The Truth A bout the Peace Treaties. 2 vols., (pages
numbered consecutively). London ,
1938. A distinct apologia, yet quite valuable.
Luke, Sir Harry.. War Memoirs. Cities and Men: An
Autobiography. 2 6 vols. Boston ,
1933-37. vols. London ,
1953.
Malcolm, Sir Ian. Lord Balfour, A Memory. London ,
1930.
Mantoux, Paul. Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (24
mars - 28 juin, 1919). 2 vols.
no official minutes were kept. Based on notes taken by the
chief interpreter, the actual
words of the participants are recorded, and much of value
that fails to appear in the official
minutes, especially differences of opinion, can be found.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 355
Marescotti, Count Luigi A. Guerra diplomatica; ricordi
eframmenti di diario (1914-1919). Milan ,
1936. Contains records of Council of Four meetings of April
17-24 and May 7-June 2.
Nouvi ricordi e frammenti di diario. Milan ,
1938. Contains minutes of Council of
Four meetings in June, 1919. Also has memoranda and
documents on the proceedings
leading to the Saint Jean de Maurienne Agreement.
Meinertzhagen, Richard. Middle East
Diary, 1917-1956. London , 1959.
Mezes, Sidney. Papers. On deposit in Butler Library, Columbia
University , New York
Miller, David H. My Diary at the Conference of Paris ,
with Documents. 21 vols. New York ,
1928. An extensive and highly valuable collection of
miscellaneous documents relating to
the. work of the Peace Conference.
Mordacq, Jean J., Le Ministere Clemenceau, 4 vols. Paris ,
1930-31.
Nicolson, Harold, Peacemaking, 1919. Boston ,
1933. An important diary written by a member
of the Greek Committee and an advisor to the Big Four on the
question of the division
of European and Anatolian Turkey .
Nitti, Francesco. The Wreck of Europe .
Indianapolis , 1922.
Orlando, Vittorio E. Memorie, 1915-1919. Edited by R. Mosca.
Milan , 1960. Contains general
reminiscences and comments on the Peace Conference.
Patrick, Mary M. Under Five Sultans. New
York , 1929.
Pech, Edgar. Les Allies et Turquie. Paris ,
1925. Day-by-day diary of a Frenchman in Constan-
tinople. Objective treatment.
Philby, Harry St. J. B. Arabian Days. London ,
1948.
Pichon, Jean. Sur la Route des Indes. Paris ,
1932. Good discussion of some of the Armenian
massacres.
Poincare, Raymond. Au Service de la France :
neuf annees de souvenirs. 10 vols. Paris ,
1926.
Volume 10 has a brief discussion concerning Anglo-French
friction over the Turkish armi-
stice, and early Greek ambitions to land at Smyrna .
Polk, Frank L. Papers. On deposit in Sterling Memorial
Library, Yale University New Haven ,
in the summer of 1919.
Rawlinson, Sir Alfred. Adventures in the Near East,
1918-1922. New York , 1924. Sheds
light
on British attempts to sound out Kemal in the fall of 1919.
Riddell, Baron George A. Lord RiddeU's Intimate Diary of the
Peace Conference and After,
1918-1923. New York ,
1934.
Rodd, Sir James Rennell. Social and Diplomatic Memories,
1884-1919. London , 1922-25.
Ryan, Sir Andrew. The Last of the Dragomans. London ,
1951. Memoirs of a member of
the British High Commission in Constantinople .
Samuel, Viscount Herbert L. Grooves of change, a book of
Memoirs by the Rt. Hon. Viscount
Samuel. New York ,
1946.
Seymour, Charles. The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. 4
vols. Boston , 1926. A valuable
collection based upon Seymour 's
work in the House Papers currently on deposit at Yale
University.
. Letters from the Paris
Peace Conference. Edited by H. B. Whiteman, Jr. New Haven ,
Sforza, Count Carlo. Diplomatic Europe
Since the Treaty of Versailles . New
Haven , Conn.
1928.
356 BIBLIOGRAPHY
. Makers of Modern Europe . Indianapolis ,
1930. Was high commissioner in Constan-
tinople. Admits contacts with and sympathy for Kemalist
forces from the time the resistance
was organized. A study of leading personalities, full of
first person reminiscences.
Shotwell, James T. At the Paris
Peace Conference. New York , 1937.
. Autobiography. Indianapolis ,
1961. Of little value for the purposes of this study.
Papers. On deposit in Butler Library, Columbia
University New
York , New York
Sonnino, Baron Sidney. Papers relating to World War I in the
Archive of Baron Sidney
Sonnino. Ann Arbor , Mich.
important collection, primarily of official Italian
State
eight reels a miscellaneous collection of papers,
correspondence, and memoranda.
Steed, H. Wickham. Through Thirty Years, 1892-1922, A
Personal Narrative, 2 vols. London ,
1924. Interesting sidelights provided by a man who at the
time of the Peace Conference
was editor of the Times (London ).
Thompson, Charles T. The Peace Conference Day by Day: A
Presidential Pilgrimage leading
to the Discovery of Europe . New
York , 1920.
Townshend, Sir Charles V. F. My Campaign. New
York , 1920.
Vansittart, Lord Robert. The Mist Procession: The
Autobiography of Lord Vansittart. London ,
1958.
Weizmann, Chaim. Trial and Error. 2 vols. Philadelphia ,
1949.
Westermann, William L. Personal Diary at the Peace
Conference in Paris , December,
1918-July,
1919. On deposit in Butler Library, Columbia
University New
York , New York
of the Greek Committee, Westermann bitterly opposed
President Wilson's support of Greek
claims in Asia Minor .
commissioner for Mesopotamia in
1919-20.
. Papers. On deposit in the British
Museum London ,
England
Wilson, Woodrow. Papers. Series V-A, Peace Conference, 1919.
On deposit in the Library
of Congress. Washington , D.C.
Wiseman, Sir William. Papers. On deposit in Sterling
Memorial Library, Yale University
Yale, William. Papers. On deposit in Sterling Memorial
Library, Yale University New Haven ,
negotiate a Near East settlement in
the early fall of 1919.
Yalmin, Ahmed Emin. Turkey
in My Time. Norman , Oklahoma
journalist.
Young, Sir Hubert. The Independent Arab. London ,
1933.
Biographies
Adam, George. The Tiger, Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929. New
York , 1930.
Aldington, Richard. Lawrence
of Arabia , A Biographical Enquiry. London ,
1955. An attempt
to prove that Lawrence
was little more than a humbug and a fake.
Armstrong, Harold C. Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate
Study of a Dictator. London ,
1932.
Azan, Paul J. Franchet d'Esperey. Paris ,
1949.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 357
Baker, Ray S. Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement. 3 vols.
Garden City, New York , 1923.
Volume 3 contains a collection of documents.
Beaverbrook, William M. Aitken, Baron. The Decline and Fall
of Lloyd George. London ,
1963.
Benoist-Mechin, Jacques. Le Loup et le leopard, Mustapha
Kemal; ou, La Mort d'un empire.
Bruun, Geoffrey. Clemenceau. Cambridge ,
Mass.
presidential election, nothing regarding the Eastern
Question.
Collier, Basil. Brasshat: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir
Henry Wilson. London , 1961.
"Un Diplomate." Paul Cambon, Ambassadeur de
France, 1843-1924. Paris , 1937.
Dugdale, Blanche. Arthur James Balfour. 2 vols. New
York , 1937. Contains many documents,
but few pertaining to the Near East settlement. Of particular
interest is Balfour's avowal
that Wilson was
told early of the existence and content of the secret treaties.
Edwards, H. Hugh. David Lloyd George, The Man and the
Statesman. 2 vols. New York ,
1929.
Erlanger, Philippe. Clemenceau. Paris ,
1968.
Eubank, Keith. Paul Cambon: Master Diplomatist. Norman ,
Oklahoma
Garrety, John A. Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. New
York , 1953.
Gibbons, Herbert A. Venizelos. Boston ,
1920.
Graves, Robert. Lawrence
and the Arabian Adventure. New York ,
1928.
Huddleston, Sisley. Poincare: A Biographical Portrait. London ,
1924.
Jones, Thomas. Lloyd George. Cambridge ,
Mass.
Kinross, Lord. Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father
of Modern Turkey .
New York ,
1965.
Lansing, Robert. Diary on deposit in Library of Congress. Washington ,
D.C.
character studies of selected individuals with whom the
author was in close contact. Venizelos
is included among the "others."
Leslie, Shane. Mark Sykes, His Life and Letters. London ,
1923.
Liddell-Hart, Basil H. T E. Lawrence, In Arabia
and After. London , 1943.
Lord, John. Duty, Honor, Empire: The Life and Times of
Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen.
Martet, Jean. Georges Clemenceau. New
York , 1930.
Mikusch, Dagobert von. Mustapha Kemal: Between Europe
and Asia . New York ,
1931.
Monnerville, Gaston. Clemenceau. Paris ,
1968.
Mosley, Leonard. The Glorious Fault: The Life of Lord
Curzon. New York , 1960.
Mousa, Suleiman. T. E. Lawrence; an Arab View. London ,
1966.
Nevins, Allan. Henry White: Thirty Years of American
Diplomacy. New York , 1930.
Contains
many excerpts from White's correspondence.
Nicolson, Harold. Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919-1925. London ,
1934. Sympathetic to the
Foreign Office and to policies it tried to follow.
Orga, Irfan. Phoenix
Ascendant: The Rise of Modern Turkey .
London , 1958. A generally
favorable biography of Kemal.
Orga, Irfan, and Margarite Orga. Ataturk. London ,
1962.
Owen, Frank. Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and
Times, New York , 1955.
358 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Palmer, Frederick .
The Life and Letters of Tasker Bliss. New York ,
1934.
Ronaldshay, Earl of. See Zetland, Lawrence J.
Spender, Harold. The Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. New
York , 1920.
Street, Cecil J. C. Lord Reading. London ,
1928. Brief comment on Indian Moslem agitation
concerning Constantinople .
York , 1964.
New Haven , Conn. New York ,
1965.
York , 1939.
Subsequent scholarship indicates it should be used with caution. Still a useful
New York ,
1967.
Ostrorog , Leon London , 1919.
New York ,
1919.
Britain
and France , and
stating that no Near East policy would be successful until the
Cambridge , Mass. Oxford , 1958.
York , 1965.
Asia Minor . London ,
1918.
Md. , 1933. The
most thorough study of the capitulations.
Suarez, Georges. Briand 4 vols. Paris ,
1940. Vol. 4, 1916-1918.
Thomson, Malcolm. David Lloyd George, The Official
Biography. London , n.d.
Waley, Sir David. Edwin Montagu, A Memoir and An Account of
His Visits to India .
New
. "Life of the Hon. Edwin Samuel Montagu." 2 vols.
Typescript. British Commonwealth
Relations Office , India
Wavell, Sir Archibald P. Allenby, A Study in Greatness. 2
vols. London , 1940-44.
Weisgal, Meyer W., and Joel Carmichael, eds. Chaim Weizmann,
A Biography by Several
Hands. New York ,
1963.
Young, Kenneth. Arthur James Balfour; The Happy Life of the
Politician, Prime Minister,
Statesman and Philosopher, 1848-1930. London ,
1963.
Zetland, Lawrence J., Earl of Ronaldshay. The Life of Lord
Curzon, being the authorized
biography of George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston,
K.G. 3 vols. New York , 1928.
The standard work on Lord Curzon. Volume 3 has extensive
material on the Near East
settlement.
Monographs and General Historical Works
Abbott, George F. Greece and the Allies, 1914-1922. London ,
1922. Generally anti-Venizelos.
Abelous, Frederic. L' Evolution de la Turquie dans ses
rapports avec les estrangeres Tou-
lousse, 1928.
Adivar, Halide Edib. Turkey
Faces West: A Turkish View of Recent Changes and Their Origin.
Adkisson, Laura M. Great
Britain and the Kemalist Movement for
Turkish Independence ,
1919-1923. Ann Arbor , Mich.
Adler, Selig. The Uncertain Giant, 1921-1941: American
Foreign Policy Between the Wars.
Albin, Pierre. La Conference de la Paix, Paris-Versailles,
janvier-juin 1919; documents contem-
porains. Paris ,
1921. Consists of bound index to articles in Le Monde Nouveau Diplomatique
et Economique.
Albrecht-Carrie, Rene. Italy
at the Paris Peace Conference. New
York , 1938.
Ancel, J. Manuel Historique de la Question d'Orient,
1792-1923. Paris , 1923.
Anderson, Matthew S. The Eastern Question, 1774-1923. New
York , 1966. The best general
survey.
Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab
National Movement. New
source.
Atamian, Sarkis. The Armenian Community. New
York , 1955.
Bailey, Thomas A. Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace. New
York , 1944.
Baker, Ray S. What Wilson
Did at Paris . New
York , 1919.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 359
Bardoux, Jacques. De Paris a Spa. Paris ,
1921. Has an excellent chapter dealing with French
and British press and public reaction to the publication of
the Turkish peace treaty in
May, 1920.
Lloyd George et la France .
Paris , 1923. Anti-Lloyd George, but
also critical of French
lackadaisical attitudes.
Barton, James L. Near East Relief, 1915-1930. New
York , 1943.
Bass, John F. The Peace Tangle. New
York , 1920.
Bassett, John S. The League of Nations ,
A Chapter in World Politics. New York ,
1928.
Beer, George L. African Questions at the Paris
Peace Conference. New York , 1923.
Beloff, Max. Imperial Sunset. New York ,
1970. Vol. 1, Britain 's
Liberal Empire, 1897-1921.
Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey .
Montreal , 1964.
Birdsall, Paul. Versailles ,
Twenty Years After. New York ,
1941.
Bishop, Donald G. The Administration of British Foreign
Relations. Syracuse , N.Y.
Bississo, Saadi. La Politique Anglo-Sioniste en Palestine .
Paris , 1937.
Black, Cyril E., and Ernst C. Helmreich. Twentieth Century Europe .
2d ed. rev. New York ,
1959.
Blaisdell, Donald C. European Financial Control in the Ottoman
Empire . New York ,
1929.
Good survey of the history of the Ottoman Debt.
Bonnefous, Edouard, Historie Politique de la Troisieme
Republique. 2d ed. 7 vols. Paris ,
1968.
Vol. 3, L'Apres-Guerre, 1919-1924.
Bourgeois, Emile. Manuel historique de politique etrangere.
4 vols. Paris , 1893-1926. Volume
4 pertains to the period under consideration.
Bremond, Edouard. La Cilicie en 1919-1920. Paris ,
1921.
. Le Hedjaz dans la Guerre Mondiale. Paris ,
1931.
Brown, Carrol, and Theodore Ion. Persecution of the Greeks
in Turkey Since
the Beginning
of the European War. American Hellenic Society, no. 3, New
York , 1918.
Bruneau, Andre. La France au Levant. Paris ,
1932. Has text of Gouraud ultimatum to Feisal
in July, 1920.
Buell, Raymond L. Contemporary French Politics. New
York , 1920.
Bujac, Colonel Emile. Les Campagnes de VArmee Hellenique,
1918-1922. Paris , 1930.
Bullard, Sir Reader. Britain
and the Middle East from Earliest Times to 1950. London ,
1951.
Cassavetes, Nicholas J. The Question of Northern
Epirus at the Peace Conference. New York,
1919. Pro-Greek propaganda.
Chastenet, Jacques. Cent ans de Republique. 9 vols. Paris ,
1970. Vol. 5, Les annees d'illusions,
1918-1931.
Chirol, Sir Valentine. The Occident and the Orient. Chicago ,
1924.
Cohn, Josef. Englund und Palastina. Berlin, 1931.
Coke, Richard. The Arab's Place in the Sun. London, 1929.
Costopoulo, Stavro. L Empire de VOrient. Paris, 1925.
Cumming, Henry H. Franco-British Rivalry in the Post War
Near East. New York, 1938.
Davenport, E. H., and S. R. Cooke. The Oil Trusts and
Anglo-American Relations. London,
1923. Good discussion of the organization of the British
petroleum executive.
Davison, Roderic, "Turkish Diplomacy from Mudros to
Lausanne," In The Diplomats,
1919-1939, edited by Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert.
Princeton, N.J., 1953.
Delaisi, Francis. Oil, Its Influence on Politics. London,
1922.
De la Tramerye, Pierre E. The World Struggle for Oil. New
York, 1924.
360 BIBLIOGRAPHY
DeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the
Middle East, 1900-1939. Minneapolis,
Minn., 1963. Based on extensive research in documentary and
manuscript collections as
well as existing secondary sources. An excellent general
survey.
Dillon, Emile J. The Inside Story of the Peace Conference.
New York, 1920.
Driault, Edouard. La Grand Idee, la Renaissance de
VHellenisme. Paris, 1920.
. La Question d'Orient depuis ses origins jusqu'a la paix de
Sevres. Paris, 1926.
Driault, Edouard, and Michel Lheretier. Histoire
diplomatique de la Grece de 1821 a nos jours.
5 vols. Paris, 1926. Vol 5, La Grece et la grande guerre de
la revolution Turque au traite
de Lausanne, 1908-1923. Superceded by documentary
collections. Has a good deal on the
deliberations of the Committee on Greek Affairs.
Dukagjin, Basrf Bey, of. Le Monde Oriental et I'Avenir de la
Paix. Paris, 1920.
Earle, Edward M. Turkey, the Great Powers and the Bagdad
Railway. New York, 1923.
Edib, Halide. See Adivar, Halide Edib.
ESCO Foundation, Palestine, A Study of Jewish, Arab and
British Policies. 2 vols. New Haven,
Conn., 1947.
Evans, Laurence. United States Policy and the Partition of
Turkey, 1914-1924. Baltimore, Md.,
1965.
Fabre-Luce, Alfred. La Crise des Alliances. Paris, 1922. A
diatribe against Britain and the
weakness of French Policy.
Faulkner, Harold U. From Versailles to the New Deal. New
Haven, Conn., 1950.
Ferriman, Z. Duckett. Greece and Tomorrow. American Hellenic
Society, no. 2. New York,
1918.
Fisher, Sidney N. The Military in the Middle East. Columbus,
Ohio, 1963.
Fitzsimons, M. A. Empire by Treaty: Britain and the Middle
East in the Twentieth Century.
Notre Dame, Ind., 1964.
Frangulis, Antoine F. La Grece et la Crise Mondiale. 2 vols.
Paris, 1926. Excellent, though
pro-Greek coverage of the question of Greek claims.
Anti-Venizelos. Many documents.
Frischwasser-Ra'anan, Heinz F. The Frontiers of a Nation,
London, 1955. Good study of
the forces and diplomacy leading to the formation of the
Palestine mandate.
Fuad, Ali. La Question des detroits. Paris, 1928.
Gaillard, Gaston. The Turks and Europe. London, 1921.
Concerned with the negotiation of
the Treaty of Sevres. Pro-Turkish, anti-British, now
outdated by publication of documents.
Chief present value is in discussion of public opinion.
Gelfand, Lawrence E. The Inquiry: American Preparation for
Peace 1917-1919. New Haven,
Conn., 1963. By far the most thorough and systematic
coverage of the Inquiry yet undertaken.
Georges-Gaulis, Berthe. Angora, Constantinople, Londres:
Mustapha Kemal et la politique
anglaise en Orient. Paris, 1922.
. La Question Turque. Paris, 1921.
Giannini, Amedeo. L'Ultima fase della questione Orientale,
1913-1932. Rome, 1933. Conven-
tional. Has map showing division of spheres as formulated in
the Tripartite Pact.
Gidney, James B. A Mandate for Armenia Kent, Ohio, 1967.
Gontaut-Biron, Roger de. Comment la France s'est installee
en Syrie (1918-1919). Paris, 1922.
Anti-British, but criticizes French government for lack of
concrete plans for the Near East.
Gives a good deal of press reaction. Detailed discussion of
December, 1919, discussions
between Kemal and Picot.
. D'Angora a Lausanne, les etapes d'une decheance. Paris,
1924.
. La France et la question de Moussoul. Paris, 1923.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 361
Gordon, JLeland J. American Relations with Turkey,
1830-1930; an economic interpretation.
Philadelphia, 1932.
Gottlieb, Wolfram W. Studies in Secret Diplomacy during the
First World War. London, 1957.
Good account of the negotiations of the early secret
agreements between France, Britain,
and Russia concerning the planned partition of Turkey.
Graves, Philip. Briton and Turk. London, 1941.
Grosbois, Jacques. La Turquie et les detroits. Paris, 1945.
Guinn, Paul. British Strategy and Politics, 1914-1918.
Oxford, 1965.
Hacobian, A. P. Armenia and the War. New York, n.d.
Haddad, George. Fifty Years of Modern Syria and Lebanon. New
York, 1950.
Hanna, Paul L. British Policy in Palestine. Washington,
D.C., 1942.
Haskins, Charles H., and Robert H. Lord. Some Problems of
the Peace Conference. Cambridge,
Mass., 1920. Of little value.
Hellas and Unredeemed Hellenism. American Hellenic Society,
no. 11. New York, 1920. Contains
articles concerning Greek claims in Asia Minor. See
especially George Bourdon, "The Italians
in the Ottoman Empire."
Helmreich, Ernst C. The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars,
1912-1913. Cambridge, Mass., 1938.
Hocking, William E. The Spirit of World Politics, with
Special Studies of the Near East. New
York, 1932.
Hourani, A. H. Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay. New
York, 1946. Maintains that British
and French interests were essentially the same, rather than
different, in the area.
House, Edward M., and Charles Seymour, eds., What Really
Happened at Paris: The Story
of the Peace Conference, 1918-1919. New York, 1921.
Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence,
1918 Berkeley, Calif., 1969.
Howard, Harry N. The King-Crane Commission. Beirut, 1963.
. The Partition of Turkey, 1913-1923. Norman, Okla., 1931.
An admirable and detailed
study; the section dealing with the Treaty of Sevres is
based primarily on an examination
of the Miller diary.
Huddleston, Sisley. Peace-making at Paris. London, 1919.
Hudson, Geoffrey F. Turkey, Greece and the Eastern
Mediterranean. Oxford, 1939.
Hughes, Serge. The Rise and Fall of Modern Italy. New York,
1967.
Hurewitz, Jacob C. Middle East Dilemmas; the background of
United States policy. New York,
1953.
Ivanov, Iordan. Les Bulgares devant le Congres de lapaix.
Berne, 1919. Has population statistics
purporting to show that Thrace was Bulgarian at the close of
the war.
Jackh, Ernst. The Rising Crescent: Turkey Yesterday, Today
and Tomorrow. New York, 1944.
Jaschke, Gotthard, and Eric Pritsch. Die Turkei seit dem
Weltkriege: Geschichtskalendar,
1918-1928. Berlin, 1929. A useful calendar of events.
Karpat, Kemal. Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a
Multi-Party System. Princeton, N.J.,
1959.
Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia,
1917-1921. New York, 1951. An important
work, dealing chiefly with events in the area with
relatively little emphasis on the workings
of the Peace Conference.
Kedourie, Elie. England and the Middle East: The Destruction
of the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1921.
London, 1956. A very valuable study, using a wide variety of
sources, including many
Arabic. Concerned generally with events in the Near East and
less with the peace negotiations.
Chapter 6 on Syria was particularly valuable for the purpose
of this study.
362 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kirk, George E. A Short History of the Middle East.
Washington, D.C., 1949.
Kohn, Hans. A History of Nationalism in the East. New York,
1929. Contains a good analysis
of British interests and connections in the Near East.
. Nationalism and Imperialism in the Hither East. New York,
1932.
La Chesnais, Pierre G. Les peuples de la Transcaucasie
pendant la guerre et devant la paix
Paris, 1921.
Larcher, Commandant M., La Guerre Turque dans la Guerre
Mondiale. Paris, 1926. Concerned
primarily with Turkey's participation in the war.
Laroche, Jules. Au Quai D'Orsay avec Briand et Poincare,
1913-1926. Paris, 1957.
Lenszowski, George. The Middle East in World Affairs. 2d ed.
rev. Ithaca, N.Y., 1956.
Leslie, Shane. Salutation to Five. London, 1951.
Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. New York,
1961.
Lewis, Geoffrey L. Turkey. London, 1955.
The Liberation of the Greek People in Turkey. London, 1919.
Loder, John de Vere. The Truth about Mesopotamia, Palestine
and Syria. London, 1923.
Contains a good account of the Mesopotamia uprising of 1920.
Longrigg, Stephen. Iraq, 1900 to 1950. New York, 1956.
. Oil in the Middle East: Its Discovery and Development. New
York, 1954.
. Syria and Lebanon Under the French Mandates. New York,
1958. Thorough.
Loris-Melikov, La Revolution russe et la nouvelles
republiques transcaucasiennes. Paris, 1920.
Loti, Pierre, La Mort de Notre Chere France en Orient.
Paris, 1920. Good example of French
pro-Turk attitude. Hates Greeks and British. Contains a
document which is claimed to
be the secret Anglo-Turk agreement of September 12, 1919.
. Les Allies qu'il nous faudrait. Paris, 1919. A collection
of pro-Turk essays.
Lugan, Alphonse. Les Problemes internationaux et le Congres
de la Paix. Paris, 1919. French
propaganda.
Luke, Harry C. Mosul and its Minorities. London, 1925.
Luquet, J. La Politique des mandates dans le Levant. Paris,
1923.
Lyautey, Pierre. Le Drame oriental et le Role de la France.
Paris, 1924.
Lybyer, Albert H. The Question of the Near East. New York,
1921.
Macartney, Maxwell, and Paul Cremona. Italy's Foreign and
Colonial Policy, 1914-1937. New
York, 1938.
McCallum, Robert B. Public Opinion and the Last Peace. New
York, 1944.
Mandelstam, Andre. La sociite des nations et les puissances
devant le probleme armenien. Paris,
1926. Good treatment of the Armenian question.
Manuel, Frank. The Realities of American Palestine
Relations. Washington, D.C., 1949. A
thorough study, utilizing all available materials in
Washington.
Marlowe, John. A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian
Relations, 1800-1956. 2d ed.
Hamden, Conn., 1965.
Marston, Frank S. The Peace Conference of 1919: Organization
and Procedure. New York,
1944.
Marwick, Arthur, Britain in the Century of Total War.
Boston, 1968.
. The Deluge: British Society and the First World War.
Boston, 1965.
Massey, William T. Allenby's Final Triumph. London, 1920.
Maurice, Sir Frederick B. The Armistices of 1918. New York.
A critical discussion of events
leading to the signing of the armistices. Feels Britain
justified, but not judicious, in signing
alone an armistice the terms of which were too hastily
formulated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 363
Mayer, Arno J. Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking:
Containment and Counterrevolution
at Versailles, 1918-1919. New York, 1967. An excellent
study, interrelating national domestic
situations with the work of the Peace Conference.
Mears, Eliot G., ed. Modern Turkey, New York, 1924.
Mileff, Milu. La Bulgarie et les Detroits. Paris, 1927.
Mills, John S., and M. B. Chrussachi. The Question of
Thrace—Greeks, Bulgars and Turks.
London, 1919. A series of maps aimed at showing that
historically Thrace has always been
Greek rather than Turkish or Bulgarian.
Miller, David H. The Drafting of the Covenant. 2 vols. New
York, 1928.
Minorskii, Vladimir F. The Mosul Question. Paris ,
1926.
Monroe, Elizabeth .
Britain 's
Moment in the Middle East, 1914-1956. Baltimore ,
1963.
Mowat, Charles. Britain
Between the Wars, 1918-1940. Chicago ,
1955.
Mowat, Robert B. A History of European Diplomacy, 1914-1925.
3 vols. London , 1927.
Mowry, George E. The Urban Nation, 1920-1960. New
York , 1965.
Nevakivi, Jukka. Britain ,
France and the
Arab Middle East, 1914-1920. London ,
1969.
Noble, George B. Policies and Opinions at Paris ,
1919. New York , 1935.
Northedge, Frederick S. The Troubled Giant: Britain
Among the Great Powers, 1916-1939.
Paillares, Michel. Le Kemalisme devant les Allies. Constantinople ,
1922.
Pallis, Alexander A. Greece's Anatolian Venture and After. London ,
1937.
Papadopoulos, Alexander. Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey
before the European War.
Pernot, Maurice. La Question Turque. Paris ,
1923. An objective study, tending to indict both
two powers learned to cooperate.
Peters, Richard. The Story of the Turks: From Empire to
Democracy. New York , 1959.
Philby, Harry St. J. B. Arabia. New
York , 1930.
Phillipson, Coleman, and Noel Buxton. The Question
oftheBosphorus and Dardanelles . London ,
1917.
Pichon, Jean. Le Portage du Proche-Orient. Paris ,
1938. Valuable.
Powell, Edward A. The Struggle for Power in Moslem Asia .
New York , 1924.
Price, Clair. The Rebirth of Turkey .
New York , 1923.
Price, M. Philips. A History of Turkey :
From Empire to Republic. London ,
1956.
Puaux, Rene\ Constantinople et la Question d'Orient. Paris ,
1920. Well-argued pro-Greek
pamphlet. Supports League of Nations ,
is opposed to British and French imperialism in
the Near East .
La Deportation et le Rapatriement des Grecs en Turquie. Paris ,
1919. Pro-Greek.
Redan, Pierre. La Cilicie et le probleme Ottoman. Paris ,
1921.
Richard, Henry. La Syrie et la Guerre. Paris ,
1916. A vehement advocate of vigorous French
action in a large Syria .
Robinson, Richard D. The First
Turkish Republic
Royal Institute of International Affairs. British Interests
in the Mediterranean and Middle East .
The Middle East , a Political and
Economic Survey. 3d ed. London ,
1958.
Sachar, Howard M. The Emergence of the Middle
East . New York ,
1969.
3 6 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
"The United States
and Turkey ,
1914-1927-The Origins of Near Eastern Policy."
Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard
University
Safrastian, Arshak. Kurds and Kurdistan .
London , 1948.
Samne, Georges. La Syrie. Paris .
1921. Vehemently pro-French and anti-British.
Schemsi, Kara. Les Turcs et le Panhellenisme. Geneva ,
1918. A violent attack on Greece
and Greek claims.
Schlicklin, Jean. Angora ; Vaube de la
Turquie nouvelle (1919-1922). Paris ,
1922.
Schuman, Frederick L. War and Diplomacy in the French
Republic
Motivations and the Control of Foreign Policy. New
York , 1931.
Seton-Watson, Christopher. Italy
from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925. London ,
1967.
Seymour, Charles. Geography, Justice and Politics at the Paris
Peace Conference. New York ,
1951.
Shotwell, James, and Francis Deak. Turkey
at the Straits. New York , 1940.
Shwadran, Benjamin. The Middle East ,
Oil and the Great Powers. 2d ed. New York ,
1959.
Smith, Daniel M. The Great Departure: The United
States and World War I, 1914-1920. New
Smith, Elaine D. Turkey: Origins of the Kemalist Movement
and the Government of the Grand
National Assembly, (1919-1923). Washington ,
D.C.
Uses Turkish sources extensively.
Soteriadis, George. An Ethnological Map Illustrating
Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and
Soule, George. Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression,
1917-1929. New York , 1947.
Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey ,
its History, Origin and Nature. Baltimore ,
Spector, Ivar. The Soviet Union and
the Muslim World, 1917-1958. Seattle , Wash.
Speiser, Ephraim A. The United
States and the Near East .
Cambridge , Mass.
Stein, Leonard. The Balfour Declaration. London ,
1961. An excellent, scholarly study. The
epilogue deals briefly with the Peace Conference.
Stoddard, Lathrop. The New World of
Islam. New York , 1922.
Sykes, Christopher. Two Studies in Virtue. New
York , 1953. Includes a study of Balfour,
in relation to the Balfour Declaration.
Temperley, Harold W. V. A History of the Peace Conference. 6
vols. London , 1920-24. An
early and still standard study of the work of the Peace
Conference. Volume 6 deals with
Near Eastern affairs.
Britain
and the Russian Civil War. November, 1918-February, 1920.
Philadelphia ,
1939. Good study of the Kemalist movement.
Thomas, Lewis, and Richard Frye. The United
States and Turkey
and Iran . Cambridge ,
Mass.
1951.
Thompson, John M. Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles
Peace. Princeton , N.J.
cant in its lack of any real mention of Bolshevism in
relation to the Turkish peace settlement.
Tillman, Seth P. Anglo-American Relations at the Paris
Peace Conference of 1919. Princeton ,
N.J., 1961.
Topf, Erich. Die Staatenbildungen in den Arabischen Teilen
der Turkei seit dem Weltkriege
nach Entstehung, Bedeutung und Lebensfdhigkeit. Hamburg ,
1929.
Toynbee, Arnold J., The Western Question in Greece
and Turkey . London ,
1923. Good
discussion of the Greek campaign in Asia Minor .
Toynbee, Arnold J., and Kenneth P. Kirkwood. Turkey .
New York , 1927. A good summary
of the treaty terms and of the reaction in Constantinople
to the treaty.
Ullman, Richard. Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921. 3 vols. Princeton ,
N.J.
Walder, David. The Chanak Affair. London ,
1969.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 365
Webster, Donald E. The Turkey
of Ataturk: Social Process in the Turkish Reformation.
Wilson, Trevor. The Downfall of the Liberal Party,
1914-1935. Ithaca , N.Y.
Wormser, George M. La Republique de Clemenceau. Paris ,
1961.
Yale, William. The Near East , A Modern
History. Ann Arbor , Mich.
Yalmin, Ahmed Emin. Turkey
in the World War. New Haven , Conn.
on treatment of minorities during the war.
Young, George. Constantinople . New
York , 1926.
Zeine, Zeine N. The Struggle for Arab Independence :
Western Diplomacy and the Rise and
Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria .
Beirut , 1960. Chronological
account. Chapters on the
Peace Conference are often little more than a series of
quotations from documents. Seems
to be unaware of the Anglo-French discussions in December,
1919, and mentions only
in passing the Conference of London in February-March, 1920.
Makes use of Arab sources.
Ziemke, Kurt. Die Neue Turkei, 1914-1929. Stuttgart ,
1930.
Newspapers and Periodicals
"America
for expelling the Turk." Literary Digest 64 (March 20, 1920 ):30-31.
"American Military Mission
to Armenia ."
International Conciliation 151 (June, 1920):275-312.
Report on Armenia
by the Harbord Commission.
Andreades, A. "La Grece devant le Congres de la
Paix." Revue Politique et Parlementaire
(February, 1919).
Armenian Review. Spring, 1949-Spring, 1952. A series of
twelve articles dealing with the
American (Harbord) Military Mission
to Armenia . The
Spring, 1950 issue contains a record
of an interview between Kemal and Harbord.
"Baffling feature of the latest crisis over Turkey ."
Current Opinion 68 (April, 1920): 458-63.
"The Balkans and Turkey ."
Current History 11 (March, 1920): 431-35.
Bennett, E. N. "Our Anatolian policy and the Suppressed
Report." English Review 30 (April,
1920): 357-62.
Bliss, W. D. P. "Armenia 's
Struggle for Independence ."
Current History 11 (January,
1920): 138-44.
Bourdon, G. ' T h e Italians in the Ottoman
Empire ." In Hellas and Unredeemed
Hellenism.
American Hellenic Society, no. 11. New
York , 1920.
"Britain ,
France , Asia
and Oil." Contemporary Review 118 (August, 1920):253-63.
Bryce, Lord James. ' T h e Future of Armenia ."
Contemporary Review 114 (December,
1918): 604-11.
. "The Settlement of the Eastern Question."
Contemporary Review 117 (January,
1920): 1-9.
Burrows, Ronald M. ' T h e Unity of the Greek Race."
Contemporary Review 115 (February,
1919): 153-64.
Buxton, H. "Armenia ,
some recent impressions." Contemporary Review 117 (April,
1920): 497-500.
Buzanski, Peter. "The Interallied Investigation of the
Greek Invasion of Smyrna ,
1919." The
Historian 25 (May, 1963):325^3.
Caix, Robert de. ' T h e Question of Syria ."
New Europe 12 (August
28, 1919 ): 145-49; (Septem-
ber 4, 1919): 169-74.
'The Case of Emir Feisal"Current History 13 (February,
1921):249-55.
Correspondance d'Orient, May, 1919-August, 1920.
366 BIBLIOGRAPHY
"The Crime in Turkey ."
Nation 111 (July 3, 1920 ):5.
Current History. March, 1919-June, 1920.
Curry, G. "Woodrow Wilson, Jan Smuts and the Versailles
Settlement." American Historical
Review 66 (July, 1961): 968-86.
"Dangerous Complications in Syria —The
Massacres at Marash." Current History 12 (April
1920): 108-12.
DeNovo, John A. ' T h e Movement for an Aggressive American
Oil Policy Abroad, 1918-1920."
American Historical Review 61 (July, 1956):854-76.
Driault, Edouard. Before Constantinople .
Pamphlet, translated from Revue Bleu (December
21-28, 1918-January 4-11, 1919). Vehemently glorifies France
and Greece .
Duggan, Stephen. "Syria
and Its Tangled Problems" Current History 13 (February,
1921): 238-48.
Dumont-Wilden. "La Question de Constantinople."
Revue Politique et Litteraire 58 (March
13, 1920): 151-54.
"Effects of America's Exit from the Near East."
Current Opinion 68 (February, 1920): 162-65.
"Europe's Perplexity over the Upheaval in Turkey."
Current Opinion 67 (December,
1919): 284-85.
"Explosive Conditions in the Near East." World's
Work 40 (May, 1920):20-22.
"The Fate of Constantinople." New Statesman 14
(January 10, 1920):396-97.
France. Ministeres de la Guerre et des Affaires Etrangeres,
Bulletin periodique de la presse
Italienne. Paris, December, 1919-August, 1920. A good
summary of Italian press attitude.
France, Anatole. "Greece and the Peace."
L'Humanite, February 3, 1919.
Frangulis, A. F. "Les Revendications de la Grece."
Le Monde Nouveau Diplomatique et
Economique, March 6, 1919, pp. 7-10.
Freer, Mary R. "Did President Wilson Contradict Himself
on the Secret Treaties?" Current
History 30 (June, 1929): 4 3 5 ^ 3 .
Fregier, C. "Lettres d'Athenes." Journal des
Debats, February 7, 1919, pp. 228-29.
Froidevaux, H. "Au lendemain de la signature du traite
de Sevres." L'Asie Francaise, July-
August, 1920, pp. 212-14.
. "L'Announce de la Paix avec Turquie." L'Asie
Francaise, January, 1920, pp. 6-10.
. "Les Interets economiques francais dans le Levant et
le Traite de paix avec la Tur-
quie." L'Asie Francaise, June, 1920, pp. 172-75.
"Le Projet de Traite avec la Turquie et la
France." L'Asie Franqaise, May, 1920,
pp. 142-46.
"The Future of Turkey," Spectator 123 (July 12,
1919):40-41. Claims Lloyd George's offer
of Constantinople to the Turks in January, 1918, was made
only as an inducement for
immediate Turkish withdrawal from the war.
Gates, C. F. "Making of the Turkish Republic."
Current History 34 (April, 1931): 89-93.
Gautherot, Gustave. "Syria and the Hedjaz: A French
View." Current History 12 (April,
1920): 113-16. Reprinted from La France Nouvelle.
Gauvain, A. "Les Allies en Orient." Journal des
Debats, June 25, 1920, pp. 1034-35.
Gerard, J. W. "Civilization's Surrender to Barbarism:
Proposed Retention of the Turks in
Europe." Independent 101 (March 6, 1920): 345.
Great Britain and the Near East. See The Near East.
Great Britain. General Staff, War Office. Daily Review of
the Foreign Press: Allied Press
Supplement. 6 vols. London, November 6, 1918-July 30, 1919.
Vols. 5 and 6.
Haim, Sylvia G. "The Arab Awakening: A Source for
Historians." Die Welt des Islams, n.s.
2(1953).
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 6 7
Hanotaux, G. "The Question of the Dardanelles."
Living Age 304 (January 31, 1920):263-65.
Harbord, J.G. "InvestigatingTurkey and Trans
Caucasia." World's Work 40 (May, 1920):35-47.
. "Mustapha Kemal Pasha and his Party." World's
Work 40 (June, 1920): 176-93.
Hibben, Paxton. "Arbitrating for Armenia." New
Republic 23 (June 16, 1920): 86-90.
. "Asia Minor Muddle." New Republic 23 (August 11,
1920):304-6.
Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Allies and Armenia,
1915-1918." Journal of Contemporary
History 3 (January, 1968): 145-68.
"How Will the Turkish Treaty Work?" Literary
Digest 66 (August 28, 1920): 19-20.
Howard, Harry N. "An American Experiment in Peace
Making: The King-Crane Commission."
The Moslem World 32 (April, 1942): 122-46.
. "The United States and Turkey: American policy in the
Straits Question (1914-1963),"
Balkan Studies 4 (1963): 225-50.
"LTmportance des Interets Franqais dans L'Empire
Ottoman," L'Aise Franchise, October,
1919, pp. 179-83.
International Conciliation 751 (June, 1920).
Journal des Debats, September 19, 1919.
Kidwal of Gadia, M. H. "Sultan of Turkey and
Constantinople." Saturday Review 127 (June
28, 1919): 632.
Le Temps (Paris). December, 1918-August, 1920.
Loti, Pierre. "The Turks: A Plea for Justice."
Living Age 300 (January 11, 1919):65-67.
Louis, W. Roger. "Great Britain and the African Peace
Settlement of 1919." American Historical
Review 71 (April, 1966): 875-92.
Lybyer, Albert H. "Turkey under the Armistice."
Journal of International Relations 12 (April,
1922): 447-73.
McCallum, D. "The French in Syria, 1919-1924."
Journal of the Central Asian Society
(1925): 3-25.
Machray, R. "The Arab Question." Fortnightly
Review 113 (February, 1920):249-60.
Mandelstam, A. "The Turkish Spirit." New Europe 15
(April 22, 1920):39-45.
Miguel, Pierre. "Le Journal des Debats et la paix de
Versailles." Revue Historique 232
(October-December, 1964): 379-414.
Montgomery, A.E. "The Making of the Treaty of Sevres of
10 August 1920." The Historical
Journal 15 (December, 1972): 775-87.
"Near East Chaos." Nation 111 (September 4,
1920):261-62.
"New Empires for Old." New Statesman 15 (May 15,
1920): 154-55.
"The New National Movement in Turkey." Living Age
304 (January 3, 1920):266-67.
New York Times. January, 1919-August, 1920.
Pech, E. "Les allies et le mandat sur la Turquie."
L'Acropole 1:320-28.
Pinon, R. "La Liquidation de l'Empire ottoman."
Revue des Deux Mondes, 6th ser. 53 (Sep-
tember 1, 1919): 128-60.
'The Problem of Turkey." Current History 11 (February,
1920):270-75.
"La Question de Syrie et la Paix." L'Asie
Francaise, October, 1918-January, 1919, pp. 119-31.
"The Question of Thrace, an Official Greek View."
The New Europe 112 (August 21,
1919): 134-37.
Remusat. "Cilicie, 1918-1922." Revue des Science
Politiques 54 (July, 1931):348-91.
A Review of the Foreign Press: Political Review. London. A
very useful survey, covering the
period from November 14, 1919 to June 11, 1920.
Robinson, L. R. "Turkey looks eastward." Nation
110 (March 13, 1920):327-30.
Saint-Brice. "L'Accord Syrien." Correspondance
d'Orient, September 30, 1919, pp. 145-52.
368 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Samnd, Georges. "A propos du traitd turc."
Correspondance d'Orient, May 15, 1920, pp. 397-404.
. "L'Effondrement de Faycal." Correspondance
d'Orient, August 15-30, 1920, pp. 49-54.
. "French Interests in Syria." Living Age 299
(December 7, 1918):608-13.
. "Les variations de l'Emir Faycal et le nationalisme
turc." Correspondance d'Orient,
February 22, 1920, pp. 149-52.
"La Signature du traite turc." Journal des Debats
255 (August 13, 1920).
Simonds, Frank H. "Dividing Turkish Lands." Review
of Reviews 61 (June, 1920): 607-12.
. "Greek vs. Turk, a new phase of the Eastern
Question." Review of Reviews 62 (August,
1920): 159-68.
Smith, W. G. "Armenian Tragedy." Catholic World
111 (July, 1920):485-92.
"Struggle for Asia." Living Age 304 (March 27,
1920):768-71.
"The Sultan of Turkey and the Caliphate."
Contemporary Review 110 (August, 1916): 199-205.
Taillandier, Saint-Rene. "La France et la Syrie, notre
oeuvre dans le Levant et son avenir."
Revue des Deux Mondes, 6th ser. 49(February 15,
1919):771-804.
"The Tangled Turkish Question." Current History 12
(May, 1920):323-30.
Tardieu, Andre. "Mossoul et le p6trole."
L'lllustration, June 20, 1920. An important statement
defending Clemenceau's policy in relation to Mosul.
. "Reflections sur la Crise Oriental,"
L'lllustration, December 11, 1920, pp. 452-53.
The Near East (later Great Britain and the Near East),
January 9, 1920, p. 39; January 22,
1920, p. 109; February 5, 1920, p. 177; May 27, 1920, p.
752; July 3, 1920, p. 789; August
12, 1920, p. 229.
Times (London). October, 1918-August, 1920.
Toynbee, Arnold J. "Meaning of the Constantinople
Decision." New Europe 14 (February
19, 1920): 129-31.
. ' T h e Question of the Caliphate." Contemporary
Review 117 (February, 1920): 192-96.
. "Review of the Turkish Problem." New Europe 14
(January 15, 1920): 1-5.
. "San Remo and Turkey." New Europe 15 (May 6,
1920):73-75.
. "Turkey in Suspence." New Europe 15 (April 15, 1920):
16-18.
"Trying to Carve Turkey." Literary Digest 67
(December 4, 1920): 17-18.
'Turkey and her former Dominions, Attacks on the Peace
Treaty." Current History 12 (July,
1920): 625-31.
'Turkey at the Coming Peace Conference." Literary
Digest 63 (December 13, 1919):21—22.
' T h e Turkish Danger." Saturday Review 129 (June 19,
1920):556.
' T h e Turks to Stay in Europe." Current History 12
(April, 1920): 103-8.
Tyrrell, F. H. "Great Britain, Turkey and
Germany." Asiatic Review, n.s. 7 (November 15,
1915): 365-78.
Williams, A. "Armenia, British Pledges and the Near
East." Contemporary Review 121 (April,
1922): 418-425.
Williams, T. "America's Duty to Turkey."
Independent 99 (August 16, 1919):215-16.
Wilson, Trevor. ' T h e Coupon and the British General
Election of 1918." Journal of Modern
History 36 (March, 1964):28-42.
Woods, H. C. "Anatolian War." Fortnightly Review
116 (September, 1921):492-550.
. "The Future of Turkey." Asiatic Review, n.s. 15
(October, 1919):637-40.
. "The Future of Turkey." Contemporary Review 115
(June, 1919):628-36.
. "Sevres, Before and After." Fortnightly Review
118 (October, 1922): 545-60.
. "The Turkish Treaty." Fortnightly Review 114
(July, 1920): 57-66.
INDEX
Abdullah, 273 Anglo-French Declaration, 1918, 9
Adalia, 18, 94 Anglo-French September Agreement, 141-43,
Adana, 18 151n.40
Adrianople, 85, 266 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 210, 212, 305
Aegean Fleet, 13 Arabia, 121
Aegean Sea: Bulgarian access to, 153-54, 156, Arab
territories: Turkish claims to, 110
157-58, 266 Arabs: claims before Peace Conference,
Aharonian, Avetis, 48, 335 n.39 51-53; and France, 70-72,
139, 213-14; and
Great Britain, 30, 51, 147; independence for,
Ahmed Emin Yalmin, 197 n.6
6, 8-9, 23; negotiations with Zionists, 57-58;
Aidin, town of, 162
uprising, 1916, 6. See also Syria
Aiden, vilayet of, 40; Greek involvement in,
Armenia, 24, 121, 272, 310 n.9; Allied com-
160-61, 267; Italian-Greek conflict in, 162;
mitments to, 46, 49, 269-70, 286 n. 16, 323;
proposed inter-Allied occupation force in,
American mandate in, 13-14, 50—51,92,115,
167-68; Turkish resistance in, 161
120, 122, 125, 132, 136, 270, 299; Bolshevik
Aivali, 169 threat to, 202, 269; boundaries of, 201-2,
Albania, 43, 84, 164 270, 296-99; claims before Peace
Confer-
ence of, 46-51, 61 n.34, 297; and France,
Aleppo, 51, 213
50-51, 61n.36, 142; and Great Britain,
Ali Riza Pasha, 231 13-14, 50-51, 131-36; and Harbord Com-
Allenby, Edmund, 54, 81 n.39, 141, 145, 163 mission, 132;
and League of Nations, 203,
Allied high commissioners: and Constantino- 270, 293-94, 310
n.6; military assistance to,
ple, 228 n.67, 280; criticize peace terms, 202-3, 223 n.3,
294-96^310^8, 311n.29;
280-81; and Nationalist movement, 235; and Nationalist
movement, 270, 296;
propose bloc policy, 280; and Smyrna, 173, Turkish attitude
toward, 47, 110
268-69 Armenians, 201-2, 224 n.4, 253
\met, Admiral, 3 Armistice of Mudros, 3-4, 231, 292
Anatolia, 25, 42, 166-67, 330; Allied and Ataturk. See
Mustapha Kemal
American mandates in, 92, 112-15, 119-21,
Azerbaijan, 132-33, 270, 300
123-26,129n.63, 183, 185-87; Greek claims
in, 19, 40, 85-86; Italian claims in, 18-19,
43, 111-12, 160, 188-89; Italian-Greek ri- Balfour, Arthur,
68, 88, 97, 113, 134, 165; and
valry in, 41^4, 113, 162-64 Anatolian partition, 116-17,
130n.67; and
Armenia, 62 n.37; attitude toward Moslems,
Anezzana, Romano, 43
335 n.38; and Bulgaria, 157; and Constan-
Anglo-French Convention, 1904, 276 tinople, 120,191; and
Italian-Greek tension,
Anglo-French Convention on Morocco and 163; and Lloyd
George, 139; and Montagu,
Egypt (unsigned), 276, 304 335 n.38; and oil rights, 207-8;
and Saint
370 INDEX
Syria ,
63n.59, 140, 15On.33; and Tittoni,
Baku , 270, 300 Caucasus :
British military evacuation of,
Bell , Gertrude,
139, 150n.28 Central Syrian Committee, 54
United States
Near East involvement,
Cilicia , 4, 61 n.36, 214; Armenian
claim to,
Black Sea , 120
Boulogne , Allied
conference at, 318
Bristol , Mark,
241 n.20, 311 n.29; and Smyrna ,
Smyrna , 100,
168; and Syria ,
65, 68, 82 n.49;
Wilson , 25
Bulgaria :
access to Aegean Sea , 156; bounda-
Constantinople Agreement, 1915, 5, 7
Derby , Edward,
36 n.70, 293
Constantinople , 40, 121, 324, 330;
Allied mili- De Robeck, John, 191, 233, 236, 237, 268-69,
Dodecanese Islands ,
6, 42, 43, 84-85, 164, 320
Balfour (continued) Calthorpe, Arthur, 3, 105 n.68, 161,
191, 233
Jean de Maurienne Agreement, 101 n.2;and 234
Cambon, Paul, 6, 17, 71, 79 n.2, 229 n.84, 251,
159; and treaty enforcement, 5; and wartime
285; critical of Clemenceau, 130 n.68,
agreements with Russia ,
224 n.21; and
152 n.57; critical of Lloyd George, 152n.57,
Zionist aims, 140
333 n. 17; and French presidential election,
Balfour Declaration, 1917, 7, 10, 24, 57, 58, 221; predicts
disaster for Turkish peace
324 treaty, 286
Baker, Ray S., 129 n.44 Capitulations, 231, 250-51, 263n.27
Batum, 135, 201, 270-72, 299-300 131-36, 140; Italian
mandate in, 132-33
Beer, George, 36 n.73, 80 n. 17 Central Islamic Society, 216
Beloff, Max, 226 n.54 Central Territorial Committee, 86-89,
91
153-54, 158
Berard, Victor, 17
Chaltaljah line, 219, 266
Berenger, Henry, 208, 212, 324
Chinda, Sutemi, 246
Berthelot, Philippe, 194, 198n.29, 222, 254;
and Armenia ,
203,297; and Constantinople , Churchill, Winston, 317,
322, 324; and Ana-
193, 196, 219; critical of United
States , 306; tolian partition, 130 n.67; and
Constantino-
and Mosul ,
206-7; and Nationalist move- ple, 191, 216, 217-18, 279; and enforcement
ment, 237-38; and oil rights, 211-12, 275; of peace treaty,
279; and Smyrna , 99; and
and Yale plan, 145
33 n.30
Bishop, Donald, 226 n.54
Bitlis, 270-98
49; French involvement in, 4, 16, 25, 135,
140, 252-53; proposed American mandate
Blaisdell, Donald, 250-51 in, 120; and Turkish nationalists,
183-84,
Bliss, Howard, 54, 56, 62n.53 252-53, 277
Bliss, Tasker, 37 n.84, 96, 105 n.58, 148 n.2, Clayton,
Gilbert, 72
155; and Smyrna ,
60n.l0, 90, 104 n.56 Clemenceau, Georges, 61 n.24, 165, 329; and
Bloc policy towards Turkey ,
280-81 Allenby, 163, 177n.51; and Anatolian par-
tition, 114, 115, 123-24, 185-86; and Ar-
Boghos Nubar Pasha, 47, 61 n.34
menia, 203; and Constantinople , 186,
Bolsheviks: military advance on Batum, 271, 189-90, 192-93;
domestic political pressures
299; and Mustapha Kemal, 325; and Rus- on, 76; and Feisal,
64-65, 70-72, 79 n.2,
sian civil war, 202, 217, 299 146-47,213-14; and French
imperial policy,
Bolshevism, 4, 325 17, 34n.42, 122; and French military oc-
Bonin-Longare, Lelio, 42, 43 cupation of Caucasus ,
134; and Great Bri-
tain, 122, 187; and Italian territorial claims,
127n.l9, 199n.41; London
visit of, 1918,
Bowman, Isaiah, 38 17-18; loses presidential election,
220-22;
Briand, Aristide, 79 n.2 and Mosul ,
17-18, 34n.45, 206, 225n.28;
and oil rights, 209; and Palestine ,
206; and
105n.68, 161, 286 n. 12
and Weizmann, 63 n.62; and Woodrow
British cabinet: opposes Anatolian partition,
120, 121, 130n.67; repudiates December,
Coal mines. See Heraclea
coal mines
1919, Constantinople agreement,
215-19
Commission of Inquiry: Smyrna ,
165-66, 168,
British press, 243, 314-15
169, 177n.56
Brusa, 22,316,319; as possible Turkish capital,
Commission of Inquiry: Syria :
American
115, 189, 191
commissioners on, 75; attitude of the powers
toward, 68-70, 74, 75-79; British commis-
ries of, 40, 157-58, 174 n.l; peace treaty
sioners named to, 73; dispatch of, 56, 66-67;
with, 88, 158
requests for, 53, 54. See also King-Crane
Commission
Cadman, John, 207-8, 209, 212 Committee of Foreign Ministers
and Ambas-
Caliphate, 110, 121, 191, 216-17 sadors, 242-43
INDEX 371
Committee of Military and Naval Experts, 295 Daily Telegraph
(London ), 315
Committee of Union and Progress
(C.U.P.), Damad Ferid Pasha, 109, 181, 231, 235, 316
4, 107-9, 230, 233 Damascus ,
51, 213
Committee on Greek and Albanian Affairs. Daoud Bey Mammon,
56
See Greek Committee Dardanelles , 218
Conference at San Remo :
Anglo-French rela-
Davis, John, 133, 152 n.49, 284
tions at, 333 n.6; and Nationalist movement,
Day, Clive, 22, 41, 89, 102n.20
313n.69
De Caix, Robert, 145, 316
Conference of London :
importance of, 285
Declaration to the Seven, 1918, 8-9
Congress of Sivas ,
231, 234
Dedeagatch, 85, 156, 266
Congress of Syrian notables, 273
Defrance, Albert, 233
Conservative Party, 10-12, 191
Denikin, Anton, 132, 217, 269, 299
tary command in, 168, 282-83; Allied oc-
280, 300
cupation of, 278-82, 289n.49 and n.55,
Deschanel, Paul, 221
307-8; American mandate in, 92, 120, 122,
125, 154, 155, 173, 189; as Moslem Holy D'Esperey, Franchet.
See Franchet d'Esperey,
city, 117, 228n.71; as Turkish capital, 118, Louis
128n.41, 182; British repudiate December,
1919, agreement on, 215-19; December,
1919, Anglo-French agreement on, 192-94; Eastern Question,
5, 31, 321, 331
future of, 14-15, 23; Turkish expulsion
Eclair (Paris ),
182
from, 182, 186, 189-90, 191, 193, 195-96;
Edmonds, C. J., 312n.52
Turkish retention of, 243-44: See also, Sul-
tan: in Constantinople Egypt, 110, 275-76, 304
Egyptian Public Debt, 276-77
Cornwallis, Kinahan, 145
Enos-Midia Line, 42, 266
Council of Four: creation of, 64
Enver Pasha, 230
Council of Mount Lebanon, 56
Epirus, Northern, 39, 43, 84
Council of Ten, 36n.71; response to Turkish
Erivan, 297
delegation, 110-11
Erzerum, 270, 296-98
Crane, Charles, 75, 81 n.25, 136
Erzinjan, 298
Cyprus, 40, 60n.l9, 110, 320
European settlement: and French Near East
Crowe, Eyre, 45, 60n.l9, 102 n. 11, 167, 237;
policy, 197
supports Greek claims in Anatolia, 93,
170-71, 173
Feisal, Emir, 52-53,64-65, 145; and agreement
Curzon, George, 71, 133, 184, 325, 328,
with Weizmann, 57-58; British subsidy to,
329-30; and Allied fiscal control over Tur-
147, 151 n.39; French subsidy to, 142, 147;
key, 195; and Armenia, 148 n.4, 201, 297;
and King-Crane Commission, 137; and
and Constantinople, 120, 182, 190, 191,
negotiations with Clemenceau, 70-72,
192-93, 218-19, 220, 262 n.6, 336n.41; and
79n.2. 81n.35, 147, 213-14; protests
Egyptian Public Debt Commission, 276-77;
Anglo-French September Agreement, 146;
and enforcement of peace treaty, 179-80,
refuses invitation to San Remo conference,
197 n.4, 237, 278, 281; and French Foreign
273; seeks American mandate, 67; and
Legion, 258-59; and League of Nations, 294,
Syrian independence movement, 137, 273;
335 n.38; and Nationalist movement, 234,
and Woodrow Wilson, 52
235, 237; and oil rights, 207-8, 210-11;
opposes Anatolian partition, 116, 130 n.67; Financial
Commission, 194, 246-48
and Pichon, 179; and Rawlinson, 240 n.8; Fisher, Herbert,
192
rejects proposed bloc policy, 281; and
Fitzmaurice, Maurice, 161
Smyrna administration, 268; and Straits
Commission, 246; and supposed secret Fiume, 43, 95, 111; and
Anatolia, 118, 120,
British treaty with Turkey, 181; and Tripar- 124
tite Pact, 254, 293; and proposed plan for Five Particulars,
1918, 9
a Turkish peace, 238-39, 330
Foch, Marshal, 295
372 INDEX
Four Ends, 1918, 9 12-14; and State Bank of Morocco, 276;
Four Principles, 1918, 8 Straits policy of, 190-91; and Suez
Canal
Fourteen Points, 1918, 8 rights," 275-76; and supposed secret
treaty
with Turkey, 181-82
France, 53, 184-85, 229 n. 83, 262 n. 15, 277,
Greece, 45, 164, 310 n.6; claims before Peace
288n.41; and Arabs, 70-72, 213-14; and
Conference, 39-41; and negotiations with
Armenia, 294; concern regarding European
Italy, 42-44, 94; and Smyrna, 95-96, 101,
settlement, 16, 17-18; and Constantinople,
188, 267 (see also Smyrna); and Tittoni-
196, 228n.75; 262 n. 15, 278-79; and Egyp-
Venizelos Agreement, 164-65, 320; and
tian Public Debt Commission, 276-77; and
Turkish nationalists, 316-19, 321
Greek claims in Anatolia, 41, 86, 286 n.4,
326; and Heraclea coal mines, 292-93; and Greek Committee,
46, 83, 102 n. 11, 154, 267;
Kurdistan, 205, 301; and London confer- report of, 84-86
ence, 222, 285; and mandate in Anatolia, Greenwood, Hamar,
211, 275, 305
114, 119, 122-23, 126; Near East policy, 7,
Greenwood-Berenger Agreement, 212, 214,
15-16, 55-56, 82n.49, 195, 325-26; and oil
226 n.52, 274-75, 304
rights, 206, 207, 211-12, 274, 304-7; opposes
Grey, Edward, 7
League responsibility in Armenia, 310 n.6;
and Ottoman Debt, 248-49; public opinion
in, 16-17,65, 315; and religious protectorate Hama, 51, 213
in Palestine, 302-3; and Suez Canal rights,
Hankey, Maurice, 92, 128n.41
275-76; and supposed Anglo-Turkish secret
Harbord, James, 198 n. 19
agreement, 182-83; and Turkish Nationalist
movement, 183-84,234-36, 237-38, 318, 326 Harbord
Commission, 132, 183, 198 n. 19, 233
Hardinge, Charles, 45, 88, 235
Franchet D'Esperey, Louis, 25, 108, 168-69,
282-83 Harmsworth, Cecil, 161
Frangulis, Antoine, 34 n.42 Haskell, William, 148 n.l
French Foreign Legion, 258-59 Heck, Lewis, 47, 90, 107
French press, 128n.33, 150n.29; anti-British Heraclea coal
mines, 113, 292-93
attitude, 68, 138-39; British irritation with, High
commissioners. See Allied high com-
150n.24; and Constantinople, 219, 243; missioners
reaction to treaty terms, 315
Hindu nationalists. See Swaraj movement
Hirtzel, Arthur, 34 n.34
Galicia, 208
Hogarth, David, 73, 145
Gandhi, Mohandas, 216
Hogarth Message, 1918, 7-8
Ganem, Chekri, 54-55
Hohler, Thomas, 191, 228 n.71, 235-36
Garnett, David, 145-46
Holy Place, 121, 303
Gelfand, Lawrence, 36n.73
Horns, 51, 213
Gendarmerie, Turkish, 258, 264 n. 52
House, Edward, 67, 88, 90-91; and American
Georgia: possible Italian mandate in, 132-33;
Near East mandates, 50, 92
and Batum, 270-72, 299-300
Hussein, Sherif of Mecca, 6, 62n.53, 66
Giolitti, Giovanni, 319
Hythe, Allied conference at, 318
Gontaut-Biron, Roger de, 34 n.42
Gouraud, Henri, 145, 213
Gout, Jean, 79 n.2, 80 n.25 "Inquiry," The, 21
Government of India, 14-15, 34 n.34, 117,216 Ismid
Peninsula, 316, 319
Italian press: reaction to treaty terms, 315
Great Britain, 81 n.38, 184-85, 228 n.70, 285;
and Armenia, 62 n.37,294,310 n.6; imperial Italy, 3 2 n . l
l , 81 n.38, 132, 159, 285, 326-27;
policy of, 7, 11-15, 33 n.25, 45-46, 173, claims in
Anatolia, 94-95, 119, 128n.43,
324-25; indifference of, to economic and 129n.46, 129 n.54,
160, 164, 188-89; and
business interests, 226 n.54; and Italian ter- Caucasus
mandate, 132-33; and enforce-
ritorial claims, 111-20, 127 n.23; and Kur- ment of peace
treaty, 294; and Greek ambi-
distan, 204-5, 301-2; 1918 elections in, tions in the Near
East, 42-44, 85-86, 94,
10-12; oil rights of, 206-13, 274-75, 304-7; 97, 105n.61,
155, 267, 318, 320; and Hera-
and Ottoman Debt, 248-49; Petroleum Ex- clea coal mines,
292-93; Near East claims,
ecutive, 207; public opinion in, 11, 14, 6, 7, 18-20; and
oil rights negotiations, 306;
33n.21, 139, 191, 314; rivalry with France, public opinion
in, 95, 98, 315; seeks Turkish
INDEX 373
friendship, 94-95, 197 n.6 (see also Sforza, 130 n.67, 186;
and pro-Greek attitude, 45,
Carlo); strained relations with Allies, 18-20, 93,
172,220,324,333 n. 17, 329; and Smyrna,
95, 223, 278-79; and Tittoni-Venizelos 96, 100, 267; and
Sykes-Picot Agreement,
Agreement, 164-65, 319-20; and Zionists, 33 n.25; and Syria,
65, 66, 79, 140-41; and
57 Tripartite Pact, 255; on Turkish claims, 110;
and Venizelos, 219, 329, 336 n.51; and Wil-
son, 15, 91, 294
Japan, 245-46, 248
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 23
Jewish National Home: See Palestine: Zionist
London conference. See Conference of Lon-
claims
don
Jordan River, 214
London, Treaty of, 1915, 6, 41, 83-84, 111,
Jusserand, Jules, 284
251
Long, Walter, 209, 225 n.34, 324
Kavalla, 40
Long-Berenger Agreement, 208-9, 304
Kerr, Philip, 30
Lybyer, Albert, 22, 41, 80n.24, 98, 99, 102 n.6
Kidston, George, 184, 202-3
King, Henry, 75, 81 n.25, 136
King-Crane Commission, 139; report of, McMahon, Henry, 6,
73, 145
137-38, 150 n.20. See also Commission of Mahmud, Sheikh, 204
Inquiry: Syria Mallet, Louis, 113, 207
Kitchener, Horatio HL, 205 Manchester Guardian, 314
Kurdish-Armenian agreement, 205 Mandates system, 26-27, 31,
36n.73, 323,
Kurdistan, 26, 27, 203-5, 300-301 335 n.38; American
participation in, 29,
50-51, 67, 87, 92, 120, 158, 178 n.67, 196 n.2;
Labour Party, 10, 149 n. 13, 191 attitude of powers toward,
113-14; British
Lansing, Robert, 56, 90, 157, 178 n.67 in Anatolia, 197 n.8;
and League of Nations,
27, 126; and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 27-28;
Lausanne, Treaty of, 1923, 321
and Syria, 70
Law, Bonar, 149 n. 11
Mantoux, Paul, 64
Lawrence, T. E., 71, 79n.2, 81 n.36, 145
Marash, 253, 277
Lazistan, 272
Marmara, sea of, 120
League of Nations , 24, 253; and Armenia ,
270,
Lebanon ,
16, 30, 53, 214, 302
Libya ,
18 Mersina, 47
Litani River Mesopotamia , 7, 53, 76, 144; Arab-British
Kurdistan , 301-2; and League
of Nations ,
Mosul , 17-18;
and Nationalist movement, Millerand, Alexandre, 221-22, 242, 329; and
North Africa , 275-76, 304
Ottoman Empire : French financial
interest in,
Mosul , vilayet
of, 27, 203, 205-7, 226 n.42; Bulgarian interests in, 249-50, 257; military
Palestine , 7,
144, 210; Arab policy, 53; bound-
Marmaris, 94
287 n.17, 293-94, 310 n.6; and Batum, 271;
and mandates system, 26-27; and minorities Martet, Jean, 221
in Turkey ,
260-61; and Tittoni-Venizelos Mayer, Arno , 4
Agreement, 164-65; and Tripartite Pact, 255
Mazarakis, Alexandre, 169-70
Mehmed VI, 107, 126 n.3; issues fetva vs.
Le Temps (Paris), 128n.33, 315 nationalists, 307
Liberal Party, 10, 191 Menderes
River, 167
Lloyd George, David, 10-12, 113, 129n.44, conflict in, 273,
302, 323; British mandate
229 n.84, 242, 327-28; and Armenia ,
294, in, 121, 302; oil in, 210-11, 274
296-98; and Balfour, 151 n.34; and British Mezes, Sidney,
102 n. 11, 154; and Greek
military establishment, 333 n. 17; and Com- claims, 86-87,
88, 90; and Westermann, 89,
mission of Inquiry: Syria ,
73, 80 n.25, 90-91, 103n.28; and Woodrow Wilson, 91,
81 n.39; and Constantinople , 182,
190, 103 n.31
191-92, 219, 243; critical of United
States ,
Military provisions: in peace treaty, 257-59
283-84, 306-7; and enforcement of peace
Military representatives, Allied and Associated
treaty, 252, 253, 278, 280, 281, 317-18; and
powers, 29-30
294; and mandates system, 28, 115; and Miller, David H., 90
313n.69; and oil rights, 209-10, 211, Armenia ,
297-98; and Constantinople , 243;
225 n.40,274; and partition of Anatolia ,
112, and Heraclea coal mines, 292;
and oil rights,
117-18, 119, 120, 121, 123, 129n.62, 304; renounces French
religious protec-
374 INDEX
Millerand (continued) tions, 113-14; negotiations with
Mezes,
torate in Palestine ,
303; and Smyrna , 87-88, 90; and
northern Epirus ,
84; and
266-267, 268 Smyrna ,
106 n.69
Milne, George, 163, 235, 237, 267; as com- Nitti, Francesco,
159, 242, 268, 315; and Ar-
mander of Constantinople garrison,
168-69, menia, 296; and Constantinople , 243, 279;
282-83 and Holy Places in Palestine ,
303; and Tri-
Milne Commission: report of, 166-67 partite Pact, 255
Milner, Alfred, 30, 65, 113, 130n.67 Noel, Edward, 204
Minorities, 256, 259-61
Nuri Said, 145
Minorities agreement: signing of, 320
Minorities Commission, Peace Conference,
260
Observer (London ),
314
Montagu, Edwin, 117, 324; and Balfour,
Oil rights, 151n.42, 206-13, 274-75, 304-6
335 n.38; and Constantinople ,
129n.55, 191,
312n.52, 323-24
216, 219; and Lloyd George, 129n.55; op-
poses Anatolian partition, 116, 130 n.67 Orlando ,
Vittorio, 66, 159; and Anatolian
partition, 113-14, 124; domestic political
Morning Post (London ),
315
pressures on, 20, 104 n.45; and Greek oc-
Morocco, State Bank of, 276 cupation of Smyrna ,
97-98; offers to aban-
Moslems: anti-British attitude of, 128 n.39; don Anatolia
in return for Fiume , 118
and caliphate, 121; and Constantinople ,
Ottoman Debt, 24, 121, 123, 194, 247-49, 291
216-17; and Holy Places, 121; in British
Indian army, 218
55; liquidation of German, Hungarian, or
Clemenceau concedes to Lloyd George, occupation of, 28-31,
37 n.84; prewar and
17-18, 206-7, 209
wartime concessions in, 250
Mudania, 319 Outlook, 314
Mudros, 3
Mush, 270
Mustapha Kemal, 98, 223, 230, 277-78, 308; ary with Syria ,
214, 272-73; British policy,
and Allied occupation of Constantinople ,
13, 33 n.27, 56, 121; French policy, 16, 57,
307-8; and Bolsheviks, 325; and de Caix, 302-3; water
rights, 214, 273; Zionist claims
316; French and Italian friendly advances in, 7, 56-59
to, 309; and Harbord, 233; and Peace Con-
Panderma, 22, 316
ference, 233; and Picot, 183-84, 198n.23;
reaction to peace treaty, 315; and Sforza, Peace Conference:
French objections to ne-
176n.34 gotiations in London ,
229 n.84
Peace terms: enforcement of, 4-5, 180, 236,
Nationalism, 323
238-39, 261, 278-82, 295-96, 307, 316-19,
Nationalist-French Cease-Fire Agreement, 330
316
"Pertinax," 145
Nationalist movement (Turkey ),
98, 131-32,
Petroleum. See Oil rights
180,223, 323; Allied reaction to 232-39,282;
Pichon, Stephen, 16, 53, 56, 65, 66, 138, 179,
and Armenia ,
296; Bolshevik aid to, 325,
198 n.29
336 n.42; and Cilicia , 183-184, 277;
devel-
opment and program of, 230-32, 277-78, Picot, Georges, 79;
and Mustapha Kemal,
239 n.2, 308; impact on San Remo
confer-
183-84, 189, 198 n.23
ence, 307-9; Italian support for, 197 n.6,
Pipeline: Baku-Batum, 270, 300; Mosul to
309, 327; military campaigns of, 316, 321
Near East: Allied economic spheres of influ- Mediterranean,
206, 208
ence in, 251-59 Poincare, Raymond, 179, 228 n.75
New Statesman (London), 315 Polk, Frank, 141, 155, 165; and
Thrace,
Nicolson, Harold, 39, 41, 43; admiration for 156-58; and
Turkish treaty, 289 n.64; and
Venizelos, 60 n. 19; and Anatolian partition, Yale Plan, 152
n.49
114, 128n.27, 130 n.67; and Greek claims, Public opinion,
322-23, 331. See also Great
45, 93, 128 n.27; and Greek Committee, 87;
Britain; France; Italy; United States: public
and meeting of British and Italian delega-
opinion in
INDEX 375
Railroads: Adana-Aleppo-Horns-Damascus, 92; British policy,
45-46 (see also Crowe;
30; Allied common control of German Lloyd George; Great
Britain: imperial pol-
holdings in, 257; in Anatolia, 237; in Ar- icy); form of
administration for, 267-68,
menia, 297; Baghdad line, 273; Baku- 292; Greek atrocities
in, 161, 165, 169;
Batum, 270, 300; Mosul-Mediterranean, 73, Greek claims to,
40, 43; Greek military
74, 206, 214, 227n.58, 273; Smyrna-Aidin, occupation of,
95-96, 98, 99-101, 160,
123n.43; in Thrace, 156 170-71; Italian claims to, 43;
Turkish sover-
eignty over, 188, 266-69
Rawlinson, Alfred, 240 n.8
Smyrna, sanjak of: boundary of Greek zone
Reparations: German, 93; Ottoman Empire,
in, 163, 167, 267, 292
246-47
Sonnino, Baron Sidney, 20, 94, 113, 159; and
Rhodes, 164, 320
Anatolian partition, 124; and Venizelos,
Rodd, Rennell, 175 n.20
42-43; and Woodrow Wilson, 25, 36 n.70,
Romanos, Athos, 42 124
Royal Dutch Shell Combine, 208, 210, 211, Standard Oil
Company, 211, 305
305
Steed, H. Wickham, 80n.23, 144
Rumania: oil rights in, 208
Stirling, Walter, 145
Russia: impact of collapse of, 325; oil rights
Straits, 22; American mandate over, 15, 120,
in, 208; and potential alliance with Turkey,
125, 189; Allied control of, 4-5, 23, 192-93;
217; and Turkish nationalist movement, 217,
demilitarized zone boundaries for, 244;
325; and wartime agreements for Near East
international control commission for, 194,
partition, 5, 7, 51, 83, 205. See also Bolshe-
244-46, 291
viks
Suez Canal, 275-76
Rustum Haidor, 145
Sultan Mehmed VI. See Mehmed VI
Ryan, Andrew, 191
Sultan, as holder of an office: as caliph, 117,
191-93; whether to locate in Constantino-
Saint Jean de Maurienne Agreement, 1917, ple, 100, 115, 122,
123, 191-94, 216-17
7, 41, 83, 101 n.2, 251, 256
Supreme Council: accepts Smyrna Commis-
Salih Pasha, 231 sion report, 171; and Batum, 271
Salonika, 40 Swaraj movement, 216-17
Santa Sophia, church of, 191, 199 n.54, Sykes-Picot
Agreement, 1916, 6-7, 16, 27-28,
228n.71 3 2 n . l l , 33n.25, 51, 64, 78, 143, 203, 256
San Remo conference. See Conference at San Syria, 7, 144;
American policy toward, 66-67;
Re mo and Anglo-French September Agreement,
142-43; Anglo-French tensions over, 64-65,
San Remo Oil Agreement, 304-5, 312n.53
138-39, 328; Arab policy toward, 53, 273;
Scalanuova, 98, 118, 128n.43, 160, 164
British policy toward, 33 n.28, 51, 70;
Schuman, Frederick, 321-22 boundaries of, 142-43, 212, 214,
272-73;
Scialoja, Vittorio, 167 Franco-Arab conflict over, 31, 302,
323;
French claims to, 16, 51-56; French man-
Secret negotiations: proposed Anglo-
date in, 36n.80, 121, 302; military occupa-
French-Italian, 25
tion of, 30, 73-75, 141, 147, 15On.33. See
Self-determination of nations, 8, 9, 27
also Commission of Inquiry: Syria; King-
September Agreement. See Anglo-French Crane Commission
September Agreement
Sevres, Treaty of, 1920, 239, 320-21, 335 n.32; Talbot,
Gerald, 43
evaluation of, 321-24, 330-32
Tangier, Spanish: French interest in, 215, 276,
Seymour, Charles, 22, 41 304
Sforza, Carlo, 94-95, 319; cancels Tittoni- Tardieu, Andre,
102 n. 11, 156, 315
Venizelos Agreement, 319-20; critical of
Temperley, Harold, 82 n.47
Lloyd George, 334 n. 17; pro-Turkish sym-
Tewfik Pasha, 316
pathies, 327; supports Nationalist move-
ment, 176n.34, 197 n.6 Thrace, 41, 44, 154-55, 164, 265-66,
325; Bul-
garian claims to, 153-54; Greek claims to,
Sivas, 183
39-40; Greek occupation of, 265-66, 319;
Smuts, Jan, 26
report of Greek Committee, 85; to be given
Smyrna, 25, 121, 164; American policy, 42, to Greece, 188,
266; Turkish claims to, 109
376 INDEX
Tilley, J. A. C , 184 Vansittart, Robert, 93
Times (London), 107, 133, 144, 160, 211, "Vatican"
proposal, 191-93
312n.52, 315
Venizelos, Eleutherios, 39, 88, 329; domestic
Tittoni, Tommaso, 18, 155-56, 159, 162 political pressures
on, 61 n.23; and enforce-
Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement, 164-65, 319-20 ment of peace
treaty, 295, 317; and Italian-
Greek conflict, 42-43,94, 162-63; and Lloyd
Townshend, Charles, 3
George, 219-20, 292; and Smyrna, 96, 162,
Toynbee, Arnold, 88
170, 171-72, 267, 268; and Thrace, 155-57,
Trebizond, 270, 298 266
Tripartite Pact, 255-57, 292; signing of, 257, Versailles,
Treaty of, 330-31
293, 320, 321
Turkey, 25, 83, 102 n. 11, 177n.48, 185, 196,
217, 276, 278, 291; Allied administrative War Office:
opposes December, 1919, Con-
authority in, 251-56; Allied fiscal control stantinople
agreement, 217-18
in, 121-22, 194-96, 246-51, 291; and armi- Webb, Richard,
161, 181, 233, 236
stice terms, 4; British attitude toward,
Westermann, William, 129 n.63; and
190-91; delegations to Peace Conference of,
Commission of Inquiry: Syria, 80 n. 17; and
109-10, 309, 319; and Greek occupation of
House, 103n.28; and Mezes, 103n.28; and
Smyrna, 97, 98, 160, 166, 266-69; military
Smyrna, 90-91, 102 n. 19, 103 n.28 and n.36
forces in, 258, 264 n.52; and Nationalist
movement, 232, 233, 240 n. 12; opposes Ar- Westminster
Gazette, 314
menian state, 132; policy toward Allies of,
White, Henry, 155, 156, 81 n.25
108, 176n.34, 180-81, 197 n.8; possible ex-
White Russian forces: Allies withdraw aid
clusion from Europe of, 14-15, 23, 119, 182,
from, 202
189-95, 215-19. See also Peace terms: en-
forcement of Wilson, Arnold, 27, 76, 203, 211
Turkish Nationalists. See Nationalist move- Wilson, Henry,
105n.58 and n.68, 113,
178n.66, 317
ment (Turkey)
Wilson, Woodrow, 23, 284, 322, 323, 327; and
Turkish Petroleum Company, 206, 207, 208,
American Near East mandates, 15, 22, 49,
305
62n.39, 70, 111, 122, 125, 299, 327-28; and
Turkish press, 243-44, 315
Anatolian partition, 111, 112, 124-26,
128n.30; anti-Italian attitude, 36n.70, 96,
United States, 63 n.61, 148 n.7, 244, 263 n.27, 101,
106n.76, 112, 125, 327; and Commis-
294; and Conference at San Remo, 306-7; sion of Inquiry: Syria,
66, 80n.l7, 81 n.25;
and Conference of London, 284-85, and Constantinople, 119,
122, 123, 125,284;
289n.64; and Greek claims, 41-42, 86, defines Armenian
boundaries, 298-99; and
154-55, 158; failure to ratify Versailles Feisal, 52; and
Greek claims in Anatolia,
treaty, 174, 178n.67, 185, 328; loss of influ- 92-93, 103
n.31 and n.39, 106 n.76, 114; and
ence on Near East negotiations, 186, 223, Greek occupation
of Smyrna, 95, 96, 100,
266, 284-85, 306-7; Near East aims of, 105 n.57, 125; and
League of Nations, 29,
20-22; and negotiation of Turkish treaty, 126; and mandates
system, 29, 115; and
327-29, 336n.50; and oil rights, 210, 306; Orlando, 25,
36n.70; statement of peace
public opinion in, 22; and secret wartime aims, 8, 9, 10; on
Turkish claims, 110;
agreements, 21, 84. See also Armenia: proposes unofficial
French "mandate" in
American mandate in; Mandates system: Anatolia, 119, 123,
125-26, 129 n.63; and
American participation in; Wilson, Wood- Sonnino, 25,
36n.70; and Thrace, 155, 157,
row 188; and treaty terms, 284; and Weizmann,
63n.61
Weizmann, Chaim, 57-58, 63n.61 and n.62
United States Commissioners Plenipotentiary,
70
United States Department of State, 133
Yale, William, 67, 151 n.42. See also Yale plan
United States Senate: and American man-
Yale plan, 143-46, 151 n.48, 152n.49
dates, 125, 328
Yugoslavia, 43, 118, 120, 312n.59
Van, 270, 298
Van, Lake, 298 Zionists, 7, 56-59, 324
(Continued from front flap)
European rivalries, imperialist ambitions, and
national prejudices, compounded by private
antagonisms and personal conflicts among
the negotiants, were permitted to shape finally
and permanently the substance of the treaty
that was signed. In the end, Dr. Helmreich
demonstrates conclusively, the Treaty of Sevres
suffered the tragic misfortune of being a
nineteenth-century solution to a nineteenth-
century problem that occurred—fatefully, it
turns out —in the novel and misunderstood
environment of the twentieth.
Paul C. Helmreich is associate professor of
history at Wheaton College in Norton,
Massachusetts.
Designed by Harold M. Stevens
No comments:
Post a Comment